Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Why is understanding the cellular biology of both host and pathogen important in medical practice?

It helps in customizing patient medications.

It allows for the development of generic drugs.

It ensures that all patients receive the same treatment.

It limits treatment failures and drug resistance. (correct)

Which factor makes treating parasitic infections particularly challenging?

Parasitic infections often lack cellular structures.

Parasitic infections can be easily cultured.

Parasites share some cellular structures with human cells. (correct)

Parasites are always extracellular.

What is a common challenge in cancer treatment due to the nature of cancer cells?

They are eukaryotic cells, posing a risk to healthy cells from treatments. (correct)

Cancer cells exhibit normal cell division.

Cancer cells do not replicate DNA.

Cancer cells are completely foreign to the body.

What is the primary focus of treatment in autoimmune diseases?

Modulating the immune response. Signup and view all the answers

Why must healthcare providers test bacterial cultures in the context of antibiotic selection?

To identify bacteria and assess their drug resistance. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the difference between targeting fungal and bacterial infections?

Fungal treatments often target ergosterol in their cell walls. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when treating eukaryotic infections?

Targeting components unique to the specific eukaryote. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cell wall composition is true?

Bacteria use peptidoglycan and fungi use chitin. Signup and view all the answers

What might happen if the wrong antibiotic is prescribed for a dual infection?

It may cause the host's metabolic pathways to be affected. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to telomeres during each cell division?

They shorten progressively. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component targeted by amphotericin B in fungal treatments?

Cell membrane ergosterol Signup and view all the answers

What is the Hayflick limit?

The theoretical limit to the number of times a cell can divide. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is critical in determining appropriate treatment for a patient with dual infections?

Understanding the causative agents and their sensitivities. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of using broad-spectrum antibiotics?

They can lead to dysbiosis by disrupting normal microflora. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do sister chromatids pair up?

Prophase Signup and view all the answers

What role do centrosomes play during mitosis?

They duplicate to ensure proper division of chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand the cellular biology of both pathogens and the host?

To avoid targeting the host’s cells during treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the centrosomes during the process of cell division?

They are equally divided between daughter cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of microtubules during mitosis?

To grab onto kinetochores and separate chromatids. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to cellular functions as telomeres shorten?

Cellular functions become impaired. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of mitosis involves aligning chromosomes at the center of the cell?

Metaphase Signup and view all the answers

What phenotypic segregation ratio is observed for AyAy mice?

2:1 Signup and view all the answers

What causes sickle cell anemia?

A mutation in the beta globin gene Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the advantage of the Bs allele in humans?

It offers resistance to malaria. Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected phenotypic ratio in F2 for Mendelian inheritance?

3:1 Signup and view all the answers

Which pattern of inheritance involves lethal alleles leading to a 2:1 phenotypic ratio?

Lethal alleles Signup and view all the answers

What principle is based on the independent assortment of alleles during meiosis?

Mendel's second law Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes true breeding plants?

They produce progeny identical to the parents. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding allelic forms of a gene?

Mutations lead to different allelic forms within a population. Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross?

3:1 Signup and view all the answers

In a dihybrid cross, which gametes can be produced from a parent with genotype YYRR?

YR only Signup and view all the answers

Which principle explains the independent segregation of alleles for two genes located on different chromosomes?

Principle of Independent Assortment Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected segregation ratio of phenotypes in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross?

9:3:3:1 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following combinations of alleles represents recombinant phenotypes among the offspring?

Green and round, yellow and wrinkled Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the alleles of genes that are on the same chromosome during segregation?

They only segregate through crossing over. Signup and view all the answers

When alleles segregate during gamete formation from a dihybrid cross, which combination is NOT possible?

aa Signup and view all the answers

If two homozygous parents with genotypes YYRR and yyrr are crossed, what is the genotype of the F1 offspring?

YyRr Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the presence of two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome?

Klinefelter syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of meiosis in terms of chromosome count?

Haploid cells Signup and view all the answers

What principle states that two alleles segregate from each other during meiosis?

Principle of Segregation Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is expressed in the F1 generation of a monohybrid cross where one trait is dominant?

Only dominant traits Signup and view all the answers

What type of traits did Mendel primarily study in his experiments?

Discontinuous traits Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome is associated with a single X chromosome and results in a female phenotype?

Ullrich Turner syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes Mendel's First Law?

The law of Segregation Signup and view all the answers

What is a reciprocal cross in genetic studies?

Crossing two plants where pollen source is swapped Signup and view all the answers

Why is genetic diversity an important outcome of meiosis?

It leads to increased survival in changing environments Signup and view all the answers

In Mendel's monohybrid crosses, the dominant trait in the F1 generation can be identified because it:

Completely masks the recessive trait Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cells and How They Replicate

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, with DNA in the nucleoid region.
Prokaryotes have single, circular chromosomes.
Eukaryotes have a nucleus with a nuclear membrane.
Eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes.
Prokaryotic cell division is by binary fission.
Eukaryotic cell division is by mitosis and meiosis.
Prokaryotic size is 1-10 μm.
Eukaryotic size is 10-100 μm.
Prokaryotes exhibit high metabolic diversity (excluding extremophiles).
Eukaryotes have limited metabolic diversity in comparison.
Prokaryotic cell walls commonly contain peptidoglycan (bacteria).
Eukaryotic cell walls may contain cellulose (plants) or chitin (animals and fungi).
Prokaryotic ribosome size is smaller (70S).
Eukaryotic ribosome size is larger (80S) in the cytoplasm and 70S in mitochondria/chloroplasts.
Plasmids are present in prokaryotes and are used in horizontal gene transfer
Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, archaea, cyanobacteria are examples of various lifeforms.

Cell Replication and Differences

Eukaryotic cells have higher metabolic efficiency due to specialized organelles like mitochondria.
Prokaryotes use diverse energy sources, thriving in extreme environments.
Some prokaryotes utilize photosynthesis.
Eukaryotes rely on autotrophic systems (like plants) or heterotrophic systems (like animals).
Eukaryotic organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, likely evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes.

Bacterial and Fungal Infections

Bacterial and fungal infections require treatment tailored to the specific pathogen, as treatment for one wouldn't necessarily work for the other.
Differences in cell replication mechanisms (binary fission vs mitosis/meiosis), cell wall composition (peptidoglycan vs chitin), and cellular biology are key to understanding different treatments.
Targeting something unique to the pathogen, while avoiding targeting the host cells, is crucial for effective treatment.

Cellular Differences Bacteria and Fungi

Bacteria are prokaryotic, lacking a nucleus.
Fungi are eukaryotic, having a nucleus.
Bacteria have circular DNA within a nucleoid region.
Fungi have linear DNA within a nucleus.
Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan.
Fungal cell walls contain chitin.
Bacteria ribosome size is 70S
Fungi ribosome size is 80S (70S in mitochondria and chloroplasts)

Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells from a single parental diploid cell.
Meiosis produces four haploid gametes from a single parental diploid cell, creating genetic diversity.
Mitosis occurs in somatic cells (non-sex cells).
Meiosis occurs in germ cells (sex cells).
Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes; Meiosis II separates sister chromatids, leading to four genetically unique haploid daughter cells

DNA Replication

DNA replication occurs during interphase, prior to mitosis or meiosis
In mitosis replicated chromosomes separate into two daughter cells
In Meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up before separating, increasing genetic diversity.

Autoimmune Diseases

Immune system mistakenly targets the body's own cells.
Treatments aim to modulate the immune response.

Antibiotic Resistance

Bacteria and other pathogens can develop resistance to antibiotics.
The mechanisms of developing resistance vary, but often involve antibiotic-inactivating enzymes.

Bacterial Ribosomes

The bacterial ribosome (70S) is a target for some antibiotics; these target the enzyme processes of bacterial reproduction.
These antibiotics do not widely affect eukaryotic cells.

Mendel's Laws

Traits are inherited through factors (genes). These factors separate into gametes, each gamete receiving one factor.
Alleles for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation
There are dominant and recessive forms of factors
Monohybrid crosses- examining one trait at a time
Dihybrid crosses- examining two traits at a time

Dominant vs Incomplete vs Co-Dominance

Complete dominance – phenotype of the heterozygote is identical to one homozygous parent
Incomplete dominance – phenotype of heterozygote is a mixture of the phenotypes of the two parents
Co-dominance – both phenotypes of the parents are present in the heterozygote

Polygenic Traits

Traits determined by more than one gene
Examples include eye colour, skin colour, height.
These are more complex than single-locus traits

Mutations and Phenotypes

Mutations can create new alleles.
Some mutations may affect the function of a gene, and how it acts.
Some mutations may have no impact on the function, however, some may disrupt several genes, even affecting the gene's expression.
Mutations can create new phenotypes (observable characteristics) in an individual.

Complementation Tests

A strategy used to determine if mutations affecting a phenotype arise from the same or different genes
If two different mutants are crossed and the offspring display a wild-type phenotype, then the mutations must be located on different genes.

Summary of Methods/Terms

Terms associated with heredity:
Parent (P), Filial 1(F1), Filial 2(F2)
True-breeding
Allele (variant form of a gene)
Polymorphism (variant of DNA sequences in a population) – usually based on changes impacting a gene's structure.

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Description

This quiz explores critical concepts in medical microbiology and pharmacology, focusing on the interactions between hosts and pathogens. Questions address challenges in treating infections, the significance of bacterial cultures in antibiotic selection, and treatment considerations for autoimmune diseases and cancer. Test your knowledge on these vital topics in healthcare practice.