Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology Quiz

The process by which bacteria reproduce, involving the division of a single cell into two identical daughter cells.

The process of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg) in sexually reproducing organisms.

The process of cell division that occurs in somatic cells (body cells) and produces two identical daughter cells.

A rigid layer surrounding the cell membrane of bacteria, composed of peptidoglycan, that provides structural support and protection.

A tough, rigid layer surrounding the cell membrane of fungi, composed of chitin.

The ability of microorganisms to resist the effects of antimicrobial drugs.

An imbalance in the normal microbial community of an organism, often caused by antibiotic use, leading to potential health issues.

An antifungal drug that targets ergosterol, a component of the fungal cell membrane.

Distinguishing between cell types is crucial in clinical settings because it enables accurate diagnosis and treatment tailored to specific cell characteristics. It helps doctors choose the best treatment approach for a patient.

In many bacterial infections, antibiotics target the bacterial ribosomes because bacteria have different ribosomes than human cells. This targeted approach aims to minimize harm to human cells while effectively killing bacteria.

Infections can be characterized based on the type of organism causing the infection. The likelihood of specific organisms being present can be determined, and cultures can be used to confirm the identification.

Understanding the cellular biology of both the host and the pathogen is essential for effective treatment. It helps to choose drugs that are effective against the pathogen, and to minimize harm to healthy cells.

Developing drugs that effectively target parasites is challenging, especially for intracellular parasites. The presence of similar structures to human cells poses a challenge for targeted drug development.

The theoretical limit on the number of times a cell can divide before it enters senescence.

Repetitive sequences of DNA found at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from damage.

The process of shortening telomeres during DNA replication.

The process of cell division where one parent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells.

Two tiny cylindrical structures that function as microtubule-organizing centers during cell division.

The alignment of chromosomes in the middle of the cell during mitosis.

The separation of sister chromatids during mitosis, pulled apart by microtubules.

The formation of two distinct daughter cells with identical genetic material following mitosis.

A condition where an individual has an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in developmental delays and characteristic physical features.

A condition where individuals have an extra X chromosome, resulting in males with some feminized features.

A condition where individuals have a missing X chromosome, resulting in females with short stature, webbed necks, and other distinctive features.

A condition where an individual possesses an extra Y chromosome, often resulting in a normal male phenotype.

The principle of inheritance that states the two alleles of a gene pair separate during meiosis, ensuring that each daughter cell receives only one allele from each pair.

An individual possessing two identical alleles for a particular trait.

An individual possessing two different alleles for a particular trait.

The physical expression of a trait, determined by the genotype.

The principle that during gamete formation, allele pairs separate independently from each other when located on different chromosomes. This leads to various combinations of alleles in offspring.

A cross involving two genes controlling two different traits. For example, crossing peas with different seed color and shape.

The ratio of different phenotypes observed in the offspring of a dihybrid cross. It represents the relative proportions of each combination of traits.

The phenomenon where during meiosis, chromosomes line up randomly at the metaphase plate, resulting in different combinations of chromosomes in the gametes. This contributes significantly to genetic diversity.

A combination of traits in offspring that is not seen in either of the parents. This often arises from independent assortment of genes during gamete formation.

The offspring of a cross between two individuals heterozygous for a specific trait. For example, crossing two pea plants both having the genotype Rr.

The offspring of a cross between two individuals of the F1 generation. They are often more diverse than the F1 generation.

The individual forms from a cross between two homozygous parents, each carrying different alleles. This leads to offspring with a mixture of alleles.

A gene on a chromosome that has undergone mutations, resulting in different forms within a population. These forms are called alleles, and they can impact gene function.

The principle that explains how alleles of different genes segregate independently from each other during meiosis. It's the reason why traits controlled by genes on different chromosomes can be inherited separately.

The process of observing the inheritance of two different traits controlled by two different genes on separate chromosomes. These traits should follow Mendel's second law of independent assortment. This is the reason two genes on different chromosomes segregate/assort independently from one another.

A homozygous condition for an abnormal allele (BsBs) that results in a defective beta-globin protein. This leads to the production of abnormal red blood cells that are fragile, break easily, and have reduced oxygen carrying capacity, resulting in a range of health issues.

The principle that states that each individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from each parent. During gamete formation, these alleles segregate, meaning that only one allele is passed to each offspring.

A term used to described a homozygous individual, where the individual produces identical progeny when self-fertilized.

A condition where the heterozygous genotype (Bs) provides protection against malaria. This explains why the sickle cell allele persists in populations where malaria is prevalent.

A type of inheritance where the heterozygous phenotype is a blend of both homozygous phenotypes. The example used is the 1:2:1 ratio of a red, pink, and white flower.