Microbiology and Inflammation

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Questions and Answers

What type of molecules act as an endogenous non-foreign alarm signal?

  • Self-molecules (correct)
  • Infecting agents
  • Foreign molecules
  • Physical agents

What is the result of edema in acutely inflamed tissue?

  • Redness
  • Swelling (correct)
  • Heat
  • Pain

What is the cause of increased temperature in inflamed tissue?

  • Increased blood flow (correct)
  • Increased vascular permeability
  • Vasodilatation
  • Systemic fever

What is the main reason for loss of function in an inflamed area?

<p>Pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to vessel calibre and flow early after injury?

<p>Transient vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the formation of new connective tissue in an inflamed area?

<p>Swelling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of erythema and stasis of blood flow?

<p>Vasodilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of viruses multiplying inside cells?

<p>Death of individual cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary response of the innate immune system to inflammation?

<p>Activation of innate immune cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)?

<p>To recognize and bind to specific pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of increased vascular permeability?

<p>Fluid leak from blood vessels leading to edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of leukocyte predominates during the first 6-24 hours of inflammation?

<p>Neutrophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the release of self-molecules from distressed cells?

<p>Danger signal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of microbial infections?

<p>Inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final stage of neutrophil emigration?

<p>Firm attachment to endothelium (adhesion) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of macrophage, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in inflammation?

<p>To express Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to neutrophils after 24-48 hours?

<p>They undergo apoptosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgE antibody on mast cells or basophils?

<p>Type I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cytokines in inflammation?

<p>To attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of leukotriene B4 in inflammation?

<p>To attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of signals initiated by chemoattractants on leukocytes?

<p>Leukocytes migrate in the direction of chemoattractants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of opsonisation in inflammation?

<p>To coat a bacterium or a particle to facilitate its phagocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of events in phagocytosis?

<p>Engulfment, phagosome, lysosome fuses with phagosome, releases enzymes to digest bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neutrophils and macrophages once they reach the site of inflammation?

<p>To phagocytose and destroy microorganisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of leucocytes from the centre of the vessel towards the periphery?

<p>Margination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of binding that occurs during rolling adhesion?

<p>Loose binding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule mediates the passage of neutrophils through the gaps between endothelial cells?

<p>PECAM-1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of neutrophils towards the site of injury after exiting the circulation?

<p>Chemotaxis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the firm adherence of leucocytes to endothelial cells?

<p>Adhesion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the release of mediators that activate the endothelium?

<p>The underlying stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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