30 Questions
What type of molecules act as an endogenous non-foreign alarm signal?
Self-molecules
What is the result of edema in acutely inflamed tissue?
Swelling
What is the cause of increased temperature in inflamed tissue?
Increased blood flow
What is the main reason for loss of function in an inflamed area?
Pain
What happens to vessel calibre and flow early after injury?
Transient vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation
What is the result of the formation of new connective tissue in an inflamed area?
Swelling
What is the cause of erythema and stasis of blood flow?
Vasodilation
What is the result of viruses multiplying inside cells?
Death of individual cells
What is the primary response of the innate immune system to inflammation?
Activation of innate immune cells
What is the function of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)?
To recognize and bind to specific pathogens
What is the result of increased vascular permeability?
Fluid leak from blood vessels leading to edema
What type of leukocyte predominates during the first 6-24 hours of inflammation?
Neutrophils
What is the term for the release of self-molecules from distressed cells?
Danger signal
What is the result of microbial infections?
Inflammation
What is the final stage of neutrophil emigration?
Firm attachment to endothelium (adhesion)
What is the role of macrophage, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in inflammation?
To express Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)
What happens to neutrophils after 24-48 hours?
They undergo apoptosis
What is the type of hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgE antibody on mast cells or basophils?
Type I
What is the function of cytokines in inflammation?
To attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation
What is the role of leukotriene B4 in inflammation?
To attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation
What is the result of signals initiated by chemoattractants on leukocytes?
Leukocytes migrate in the direction of chemoattractants
What is the function of opsonisation in inflammation?
To coat a bacterium or a particle to facilitate its phagocytosis
What is the sequence of events in phagocytosis?
Engulfment, phagosome, lysosome fuses with phagosome, releases enzymes to digest bacteria
What is the function of neutrophils and macrophages once they reach the site of inflammation?
To phagocytose and destroy microorganisms
What is the term for the movement of leucocytes from the centre of the vessel towards the periphery?
Margination
What is the type of binding that occurs during rolling adhesion?
Loose binding
Which molecule mediates the passage of neutrophils through the gaps between endothelial cells?
PECAM-1
What is the term for the movement of neutrophils towards the site of injury after exiting the circulation?
Chemotaxis
What is the term for the firm adherence of leucocytes to endothelial cells?
Adhesion
What stimulates the release of mediators that activate the endothelium?
The underlying stimulus
Learn about the causes of inflammation, including microbial infections, chemicals, and tissue necrosis. Understand how viruses and bacteria initiate inflammation and the role of exotoxins and endotoxins.
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