Acute Inflammation Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of acute inflammation is characterized by pus formation?

Non-suppurative inflammation

Serous inflammation

Catarrhal inflammation

Acute suppurative inflammation (correct)

Which microorganism is the most common cause of abscess and carbuncle formation?

Staphylococcus aureus (correct)

Bacillus coli

Gonococcus

Pneumococcus

What is a key complication of acute suppurative inflammation?

Autoimmune response

Localized infection

Nutritional deficiency

Septicemia and toxemia (correct)

Which of the following describes a subcutaneous abscess?

Localized suppurative inflammation with pus in a cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which category does catarrhal inflammation belong to?

Non-suppurative inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step of the inflammatory cellular exudate formation?

Margination Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes phagocytosis?

Engulfment of particulate material by phagocytic cells Signup and view all the answers

What role do chemotactic factors play in inflammation?

Promote migration of phagocytic cells toward irritants Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a step in the phagocytosis process?

Activation of T-cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a phagosome fusing with a lysosome?

Formation of a phagolysosome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a known chemotactic factor?

Leukotriene B4 Signup and view all the answers

What substance is primarily involved in opsonization during phagocytosis?

Opsonins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of oxygen dependent killing in bacteria?

Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) Signup and view all the answers

Which local sign of acute inflammation is primarily caused by fluid exudate?

Swelling Signup and view all the answers

Which systemic effect is associated with acute inflammation?

Leucocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the resolution phase of acute inflammation?

Morphological changes in cells are reversed Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'chronicity' in relation to acute inflammation?

Persistence of the irritant despite immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which cell types are primarily involved in an acute inflammatory reaction?

Macrophages and neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

When does healing by fibrosis occur?

Following permanent cell injury Signup and view all the answers

What causes the hotness and redness observed in acute inflammation?

Vasodilatation and hyperemia Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue response occurs in the regression and healing phase after an irritant is overcome?

Regeneration with replacement by healthy cells Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically associated with the acute inflammatory reaction?

Chronic inflammatory cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammation-2

Presentation by Dr. Gehan Abdelmenam
Topics covered include the inflammatory cellular exudate, phagocytosis, acute inflammation, fate of acute inflammation, types of acute inflammation, and abscesses.

Intended Learning Objectives

Recall the definition and mechanism of formation of inflammatory cellular exudate.
Define phagocytosis and its steps.
List systemic effects and local signs of acute inflammation.
Describe the fate and types of acute inflammation.
Recall the definition, sites, and complications of an abscess.

Inflammatory Cellular Exudate

Definition: The passage of leukocytes to the interstitial space of the inflamed area.
Steps:
- Margination: Accumulation of leukocytes along the endothelial surface.
- Rolling: Leukocytes loosely adhere to the endothelium and roll along it.
- Adhesion: Firm adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium.
- Transmigration (Diapedesis): Leukocytes migrate through the endothelial walls.
- Chemotaxis: Movement of leukocytes toward the irritant.

Phagocytosis

Definition: The process of engulfing and destroying particulate material, such as tissue debris, bacteria, etc., by phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages).
Steps:
- Recognition and Attachment: Receptors on leukocytes recognize the particle to be ingested and attach to it by opsonization (coating of particle with opsonins like IgG and C3b).
- Engulfment: The phagocytic cell sends out pseudopods to surround and engulf the particle, forming a phagosome.
- Killing and Degradation: The phagosome fuses with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome and the lysosomal contents kill and degrade the ingested material. Mechanisms include oxygen-dependent (ROS) and oxygen-independent (hydrolytic substances) pathways.

Local Signs of Acute Inflammation

Hotness: Due to vasodilation and hyperemia.
Redness: Due to vasodilation and hyperemia.
Swelling: Due to fluid exudate.
Pain: Caused by irritation of nerve endings by toxins and pressure of inflammatory exudate on sensory nerves, along with the release of prostaglandin E2 and bradykinin.
Loss of function: Due to tissue destruction or to avoid pain.

Systemic Effects of Acute Inflammation

Fever (Pyrexia): Elevated body temperature.
Anorexia: Loss of appetite.
Headache: Pain in the head.
Malaise: Feeling of discomfort or illness.
Leucocytosis: Increased white blood cell count.

Fate of Acute Inflammation

Resolution: The usual course of acute inflammation, where no tissue loss occurs, and the inflamed area returns to normal as products of inflammation are rapidly removed and cells return to normal.
Regression and Healing: The body overcomes the irritant, necrotic tissue is removed by macrophages, and healing occurs through regeneration (replacement by the same cell type) or fibrosis (scarring) depending on the cell type.
Progression and Spread: Inflammation spreads through blood, lymph, and direct spread of bacteria, causing conditions like septicemia, toxemia.
Chronicity: The causative irritant is not completely overcome, leading to persistent inflammation.

Acute Inflammatory Reaction

Consists of:
- Dilated blood vessels
- Acute inflammatory cells (neutrophils, macrophages)
- Exudate

Types of Acute Inflammation

Suppurative (pus-forming): localized (boil, abscess, carbuncle), and diffuse (cellulitis, appendicitis).
Non-suppurative (non-pus-forming): catarrhal, pseudomembranous, serous, fibrinous, sero-fibrinous, hemorrhagic, necrotizing, allergic.

Acute Suppurative Inflammation (Pyogenic/Septic)

Definition: Severe acute inflammation characterized by pus formation.
Causes: Pyogenic microorganisms (like Staphylococcus aureus, pneumococcus, gonococcus, bacillus coli)

Abscess

Definition: A localized collection of pus in a tissue space.
Etiology: Often caused by Staphylococcus aureus, which produces coagulase to localize the infection.
Sites: Common in subcutaneous tissues, but any organ can be affected (e.g., lungs, brain, liver, breast).
Complications: Blood spread (septicemia, toxemia), chronicity, lymphangitis, lymphadenitis.

Subcutaneous abscess

Subtype of abscess.

This is a summary based on the provided images. Please note that some terms may have varying nuances depending on the specific context.

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Description

Test your knowledge on acute inflammation, including pus formation, common microorganisms involved, and the steps of the inflammatory response. This quiz will cover various aspects, such as abscess formation, complications, and the process of phagocytosis. Perfect for students of medicine or healthcare.