Microbiology and Infection Control Final Review

The study of microorganisms

Penicillin

False (B)

<p>Optimum temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The upper back section of the surgical gown is considered sterile. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prodromal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surgical site infections (SSI) (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remove antibiotics from the cell interior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age and Prematurity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct Contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study of microorganisms, typically less than 1 mm in diameter, requiring a microscope for visibility. Includes viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa.

Specialized fields within microbiology focusing on specific types of organisms.

Areas of work in microbiology with a more applied focus.

The theory that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Five fundamental characteristics common to all cells: self-feeding/nutrition, self-replication/growth, differentiation, chemical signaling/communication, and evolution.

Cells lacking a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, typically unicellular. Examples include bacteria and archaea.

Cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, often found in multicellular organisms. Examples include animals, plants, and fungi.

The outermost layer of a cell, protecting the cell and regulating the movement of substances in and out.

The gel-like substance inside a cell, containing water and proteins, where essential cell functions occur.

The control center of a cell, containing genetic information that directs cell behavior and appearance.

Specialized structures within a cell with specific functions. Examples include mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum.

A rigid outer layer that provides structural support to many bacteria and plant cells, but NOT present in all bacteria.

A protective layer formed by some microorganisms that allows them to survive harsh conditions.

A major component of cytoplasm, essential for many cell functions.

The classification of living organisms based on their characteristics, with the highest level being the kingdom.

The scientific naming system for organisms, using a two-part name (genus and species).

The study of the form and structure of organisms, including both macroscopic and microscopic features.

The characteristic shape or form of an organism, visible to the naked eye.

The characteristic shape or form of an organism, visible only under a microscope.

Organisms that require oxygen to survive.

Organisms that can survive without oxygen.

Organisms that prefer oxygen but can survive without it.

A staining technique that differentiates bacteria based on their cell wall structure.

Unicellular organisms that exist in diverse habitats, with less than 1% harmful (pathogenic) to humans.

Acellular particles that require a host cell to replicate, hijacking the host's machinery to produce more viral particles.

A diverse group of organisms ranging from single-cell yeast to massive multicellular molds. Important in the food industry but can cause diseases and allergies.

Infectious protein particles that cause disease by converting other proteins into misfolded forms. Resistant to standard sterilization methods.

Viruses that have an outer layer made of lipids (fats), making them more susceptible to disinfectants.

Viruses lacking an outer lipid layer, making them more resistant to disinfectants.

The collection of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) that normally reside on the human body.

Microorganisms that are always present at a specific anatomical site on the body.

Microorganisms that live on the body for a short period of time, then move on or die off.

Body tissues that are normally sterile and free of microorganisms. Examples include blood, brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

The beneficial effects of normal flora, including providing nutrients, stimulating the immune system, inhibiting pathogens, and preventing colonization by harmful organisms.

The negative effects of normal flora, such as causing disease when the immune system is weakened or when they move to different body locations.

A relationship between two organisms where both benefit from the interaction.

A relationship between two organisms where one benefits while the other is unaffected.

A relationship between two organisms where one benefits while the other is harmed.

The origin and development of disease.

The mere presence of microbes on or in the body, not necessarily causing disease.

The establishment and growth of a pathogen in the body, overcoming the body's defenses.

A state where the invading pathogen alters the normal functions of the body, causing illness.

Structures in the body that can be entry points for pathogens, including the skin, mucous membranes, placenta, and parenteral route.

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient. Examples include pain, nausea, fatigue.

Objective manifestations of disease that can be observed or measured by others. Examples include fever, rash, elevated blood pressure.

A group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition.

An infection that lacks symptoms but may still have signs of infection.

The study of the cause of disease.

The ability of an organism to cause disease.

Molecules expressed and secreted by pathogens that help the pathogen cause disease.

The process by which a pathogen attaches to host tissues, often a crucial step in causing infection. Requires bacterial adhesins and host cell receptors.

A community of microorganisms that form a slimy layer on surfaces, often contributing to the persistence of infections. Requires polysaccharide web formation and biosensing.

Pathogens that remain on the surface of cells, causing damage by releasing toxins.

Pathogens that enter and live inside host cells, causing local infection without necessarily entering the bloodstream.

The spread of a pathogen throughout the body via the bloodstream, potentially causing infection in multiple tissues.

Damage to host tissues caused by pathogens, often leading to inflammation and disease.

Toxins secreted by bacteria that can directly damage host cell membranes, disrupting their function. Examples include diphtheria toxin, cholera toxin, and tetanus toxin.

Toxins released by bacteria when their cell walls break apart. Can trigger a serious inflammatory response that can lead to sepsis.

The body's immune response that specifically targets pathogens through antibodies and other immune cells.

The study of the distribution and determinants of disease in human populations, and applying that knowledge to controlling public health problems.

A set of factors that increase the likelihood of developing a disease, often used in epidemiological studies.

Criteria used to define a population for study, including both characteristics that must be present (inclusion) and those that exclude individuals (exclusion).

A measure of the existing disease burden in a population at a specific point in time.

A measure of the rate at which new cases of a disease occur in a population over a specific time period.

An increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in a population.

A system for collecting and analyzing data on disease occurrences to monitor public health trends, detect outbreaks, and assess the effectiveness of interventions.

A surveillance system where data is collected proactively by actively seeking out cases of disease.

A surveillance system where data is collected passively by relying on healthcare providers to report cases.

Diseases or conditions that must be reported to public health authorities to monitor their occurrence and take appropriate action.

An epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people.

Signs that point to the future outcome or prognosis for a patient.

Signs that refer to parts of a person's medical history, often providing clues about past conditions.

Signs that help healthcare professionals recognize and identify a specific health problem.

Signs that are highly specific to a particular condition, providing near certainty in diagnosis.

Symptoms that completely resolve after a period of time, often associated with acute illnesses.

Symptoms that are long-lasting or recurring, often associated with chronic conditions.

Symptoms that have previously resolved but then reappear, often associated with recurrent conditions.

The period of time between exposure to a pathogen and the onset of symptoms, during which the pathogen is multiplying but not yet causing noticeable illness.

A short stage of illness, often characterized by mild, nonspecific symptoms, indicating the onset of a disease.

The stage of illness where individuals experience the full-blown signs and symptoms of a disease, typically the most infectious period.

The stage of illness where the body begins to overcome the pathogen, resulting in a gradual decline in symptoms.

The final stage of illness where individuals fully recover from the disease and return to a healthy state.

The body's first line of defense against pathogens, comprising physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry and minimize invasion.

The body's natural immune response, not specific to particular pathogens, but providing a rapid and general defense. Examples include inflammation, pathogen engulfment, and secretion of immune factors.

The process by which immune cells recognize molecular patterns on pathogens, triggering a targeted immune response.

Molecules found on the surface of pathogens that are recognized by immune cells, triggering an immune response.

Receptors on immune cells that bind to PAMPs, initiating the immune response.

Large, white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, playing a key role in innate immunity.

Chemical messengers that regulate various immune functions, including inflammation, cell communication, and pathogen elimination.

An uncontrolled and excessive release of cytokines, leading to a severe inflammatory response that can cause organ damage and even death.

The process by which immune cells engulf and destroy pathogens, a key mechanism in innate immunity.

A complex physiological response to tissue injury, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which helps to fight infection and repair damage.

A type of white blood cell that kills infected cells and tumor cells, contributing to both innate and adaptive immunity.

A system of proteins that circulate in the blood and work together to destroy extracellular pathogens, enhancing the antibody-mediated response.

The removal of visible soil from objects or surfaces, reducing microbial load but not eliminating all microorganisms.

The process of using chemical agents to kill or inactivate microorganisms on surfaces, reducing their numbers but not eliminating all.

The process of eliminating all microorganisms, including spores, from an object or surface, ensuring a high level of sterility.

The absence of living pathogenic organisms, a state achieved through various practices and techniques.

Practices designed to prevent the spread of infection, often using techniques focused on reducing the number of microbes, but not eliminating all.

Practices designed to ensure a completely sterile environment, free from all microorganisms, often used for procedures involving direct contact with the body or introduction of foreign objects.

A set of infection control practices that are applied to all patients, regardless of their suspected infection status.

Practices used in addition to routine practices when caring for patients with known or suspected infections, designed to prevent the spread of specific pathogens.

A type of additional precaution used for patients with infections spread through direct contact, such as MRSA.

A type of additional precaution used for patients with infections spread through respiratory droplets, such as influenza.

A type of additional precaution used for patients with infections spread through both direct contact and respiratory droplets, such as some types of pneumonia.

A type of additional precaution used for patients with infections spread through airborne particles, such as tuberculosis.

The process of breaking the chain of infection to prevent the spread of disease.

A type of infection that is acquired in a healthcare setting, often related to procedures or treatments.

A point-of-care risk assessment (PCRA) is used to identify patients at risk for infection.

Measures taken to control the environment and reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agents, such as proper ventilation, adequate hand hygiene facilities, and waste management

Administrative measures aimed at reducing infection risk, such as staff education, policies for hand hygiene, and isolation procedures

The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) is a federal agency responsible for protecting and promoting the health of Canadians. PHAC leads national public health programs, conducts research, and provides guidance on infection prevention and control.

The use of vaccines, which stimulate the body's immune system to protect against specific diseases.

A type of vaccine that uses a weakened or inactive form of the disease-causing organism to stimulate immunity.

A type of vaccine that uses killed disease-causing organisms to stimulate immunity.

A type of vaccine that uses only a specific part of the pathogen, such as a protein, to stimulate immunity.

A type of vaccine that uses a harmless virus to carry genetic material from a disease-causing organism to stimulate immunity.

The ability of microorganisms to survive and multiply in the presence of antibiotics that were previously effective at killing them.

Sanitation, vaccination, and antibiotics have significantly contributed to increased life expectancy by reducing the incidence of infectious diseases and improving overall public health.

Strategies employed by bacteria to resist the effects of antibiotics, including producing enzymes that break down antibiotics, modifying target sites, and reducing antibiotic entry into the cell.

A process of cleaning using water and detergent to remove visible soil and organic matter.

A type of sterilization using high-pressure steam to kill microorganisms.

A type of sterilization using a high-energy radiation source to kill microorganisms.

A type of sterilization using a chemical process to kill microorganisms.