Microbiology and Biochemistry - Body Defense

False (B)

to break down bacterial cell walls

<p>sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin = Physical barrier to microbial entrance Mucous membranes = Inhibit entrance of many microbes Gastric juice = Destroys most bacteria and toxins in the stomach Lysozyme = Antimicrobial substance that breaks down bacterial cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flow of urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>defecation and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>neutrophils and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pseudopods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages = Engulf and destroy microbes and cellular debris Eosinophils = Secrete enzymes to kill parasitic worms Basophils = Involved in allergic responses Mast cells = Cause vasodilatation of blood vessels near wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemotaxis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemotaxis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>interferon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Redness = Increased blood flow to the area Heat = Increased temperature due to blood flow Swelling = Accumulation of fluid in the tissue Pain = Stimulation of nerve endings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To attract dendritic and mast cells and produce antimicrobial activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>emigration/diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cause fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>perforins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hyperemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamines = Stimulate vasodilation and increase permeability of blood vessels Kinins = Stimulate nerve endings, causing pain Prostaglandins = Stimulate production of other inflammatory mediators Leukotrienes = Attract and stimulate phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of microbial growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The body's first line of defense against infection, providing a physical barrier to prevent the entry of microorganisms.

Refers to the outer layer of skin, acting as a physical barrier against microbes.

Protective layers found in various body openings, such as the nose, mouth, and intestines, trapping and inhibiting microbes.

A type of chemical protection that forms an acidic film on the skin, inhibiting the growth of many microbes.

A natural enzyme present in various body fluids, such as tears and saliva, that breaks down bacterial cell walls, weakening them.

The body's second line of defense against infection, involving a range of mechanisms that attack invaders once they have entered the body.

Specialized cells that engulf and destroy invading microorganisms.

A type of white blood cell that helps to kill infected cells and other harmful cells in the body.

The second line of defense in the immune system that attacks any microbes that have survived the first line of defense. It involves phagocytes, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, and fever.

The process of ingestion and destruction of microbes or any foreign particulate matter by phagocytes.

A type of phagocyte that is long-lived and matures from monocytes. It leaves the bloodstream, enters tissue, and develops into macrophages. They can be wondering (migrating) or fixed (stationary) in specific organs.

A type of phagocyte that is short-lived and phagocytizes bacteria. They enter tissue and live for a few hours only.

A type of phagocyte that secretes enzymes to kill parasitic worms.

A type of phagocyte that contains granules of toxic chemicals that can digest foreign microorganisms. They are involved in allergic responses.

Cells that contain inflammatory chemicals such as histamine and serotonin, causing vasodilation near wounds.

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death where a cell self-destructs in a controlled manner. It's a normal process, not a harmful one.

Phagocytosis is a process where a phagocyte engulfs and destroys harmful invaders like bacteria.

Chemotaxis is the movement of phagocytes towards the source of a chemical signal, like a chemical beacon attracting them.

Adherence is the step where the phagocyte attaches itself to the target microbe, like a sticky note.

Ingestion is the process where the phagocyte engulfs the microbe, like swallowing it whole.

Digestion is the breakdown of the microbe inside a phagolysosome, like a digestive vat.

Killing is the final step where the microbe is destroyed, but the phagocyte also dies in the process, sacrificing itself.

Pus is a collection of dead phagocytes, damaged tissue, and fluid, which forms when the immune system fights infections.

Natural Killer cells are lymphocytes that lack the usual identifiers of T and B cells. They kill infected cells and tumor cells.

Perforins are proteins released by NK cells that create holes in the plasma membrane of infected or tumor cells, causing them to die.

Interferons are proteins released by infected cells that alert nearby cells to produce antiviral proteins to fight the infection.

Complement is a group of proteins in blood plasma that enhance the immune response, stimulate inflammation, and directly kill some microbes.

Iron-binding proteins are proteins that bind to iron in body fluids, making it unavailable for microbial growth.

Inflammation is a complex response to tissue damage, involving redness, heat, swelling, and pain. It's the body's way of isolating and fighting invaders.

Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow to the injured area, causing redness and heat.