Microbial Metabolism and Gene Transfer
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary application of degerming?

  • Medical sterilization
  • Air purification
  • Chemical disinfection
  • Handwashing (correct)

Which method is used to effectively slow down microbial growth?

  • Sanitation
  • Chemical sterilization
  • Desiccation
  • Cold temperature (correct)

What does sanitation accomplish?

  • Completely sterilizes surfaces
  • Inactivates all microorganisms
  • Eliminates all pathogens
  • Reduces microbial populations to safe levels (correct)

How does desiccation affect microorganisms?

<p>It deprives them of water and causes inactivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of filtration is safe for heat-sensitive liquids?

<p>Liquid filtration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of freezing on microorganisms?

<p>It stops microbial growth but does not kill all (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical agent is used for skin disinfection before surgery?

<p>Alcohol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of air filtration using HEPA filters?

<p>To remove microorganisms from the air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method through which alcohols disinfect surfaces?

<p>Denaturing proteins and dissolving membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disinfectant is commonly used for water treatment?

<p>Chlorine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effectiveness of moist heat compared to dry heat?

<p>More effective than dry heat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For what purposes is iodine used as a disinfectant?

<p>Skin disinfection and wound care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concentration of alcohol is commonly used for hand sanitization?

<p>70-90% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does pasteurization differ from boiling?

<p>It is less effective in killing pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is performed at 121°C using high-pressure steam?

<p>Sterilization by autoclaving (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of phenolics?

<p>Effective for surfaces in healthcare settings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between catabolism and anabolism?

<p>Catabolism involves energy release while anabolism involves energy intake. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>Electron Transport Chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines fermentation?

<p>It occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces byproducts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor?

<p>Aerobic Respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is horizontal gene transfer?

<p>The transfer of genetic material between different bacterial species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Citric Acid Cycle produce?

<p>NADH, FADH2, and ATP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of plasmids in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>To transfer genetic material for producing proteins like insulin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sterilization in microbial growth control?

<p>The complete elimination of all forms of microbial life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is NOT an example of a microbial enzyme involved in metabolism?

<p>DNA polymerase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the sugar fermentation test?

<p>To identify fermentative bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines disinfection in microbial control?

<p>Reducing pathogenic organisms to safe levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT effective for disinfection?

<p>Boiling water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation is characterized by a single base change?

<p>Point mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the electron transport chain (ETC) play in cellular metabolism?

<p>Generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of antisepsis?

<p>Heat sterilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about anaerobic metabolism is TRUE?

<p>It produces less ATP compared to aerobic metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary use of UV-C light?

<p>To purify water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Chlorhexidine in medical settings?

<p>To clean skin before surgery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Ethylene Oxide?

<p>It can be used on heat-sensitive materials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action of soaps and detergents in microbial control?

<p>To mechanically remove microbes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential disadvantage of using heavy metals for microbial control?

<p>They can be harmful to humans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT used for virus detection?

<p>Water purification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation is known to effectively sterilize?

<p>Ionizing radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do vaccines play in combating viruses?

<p>Stimulate the immune system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anaerobic Metabolism

The process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen.

Aerobic Metabolism

The process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP in the presence of oxygen. It is more efficient than anaerobic metabolism.

Glycolysis

A series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to pyruvate. This process occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A series of protein complexes that use the energy from electrons to pump protons across a membrane, creating a gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

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Sugar Fermentation Test

A biochemical test that identifies bacteria that can ferment sugars, producing acid as a byproduct.

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Citrate Utilization Test

A biochemical test that identifies bacteria that can utilize citrate as a carbon source.

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Disinfection

The process of eliminating most pathogenic microorganisms from inanimate objects or surfaces.

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Antisepsis

The process of inhibiting or destroying microorganisms on living tissues to prevent infection.

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Heat Disinfection

Processes that use heat to kill microorganisms.

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Autoclaving

High-pressure steam used for sterilization, killing even resistant microbes.

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Pasteurization

Heating liquids like milk to kill pathogens without affecting taste, a less intense heat treatment.

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Ionizing Radiation Sterilization

Using high-energy radiation like gamma rays to damage DNA and sterilize objects.

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Disinfectants

Chemicals used on inanimate surfaces to kill microorganisms.

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Alcohols (ethanol, isopropyl alcohol)

A group of disinfectants that work by damaging cell membranes and proteins.

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Halogens (chlorine, iodine)

Disrupt cell walls, proteins, and DNA, useful for water treatment and skin disinfection.

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Catabolism

The breaking down of molecules to release energy. It's like taking apart a puzzle and using the pieces to build something new.

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Anabolism

The building up of molecules using energy. It's like putting together a puzzle to create something new.

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Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

A series of chemical reactions that produce ATP, NADH, FADH2 and releases CO2. It's like a second step in energy production.

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Fermentation

A process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, producing ATP and byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol. It's like a backup plan when oxygen is not available.

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Aerobic Respiration

The use of oxygen as the final electron acceptor in respiration. It's like burning fuel with air.

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Anaerobic Respiration

The use of other molecules instead of oxygen as the final electron acceptor in respiration. It's like burning fuel without air.

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Sanitation

A type of disinfection that aims to reduce microbial populations to a safe level on surfaces or in environments, usually by public health standards.

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Degerming

The physical removal of dirt, oil, and microorganisms from the skin or other surfaces, often involving mechanical means.

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Sterilization

A process that involves sterilizing medical instruments using high temperatures, often through steam or dry heat, aiming to eliminate all microbial life.

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Methods That Remove Microorganisms

Physical techniques that remove microorganisms from air or liquids without necessarily killing them, including filtration and drying.

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Desiccation (Drying)

Removing water from a microbe's environment, making it inactive. Note: Some microbes, like spores, are resistant to drying.

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UV-C light

A type of non-ionizing radiation that damages DNA and effectively sterilizes surfaces, air, and water.

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Chlorhexidine

A chemical compound used in medical settings to disinfect skin before surgeries and as a mouthwash.

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Vaccination

A process that stimulates the immune system to recognize and combat viruses, providing protection against future infections.

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Ethylene Oxide

A type of sterilization using gas to kill microbes, often used for heat-sensitive medical equipment.

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Mechanical Removal

The removal of microbes or infectious agents from surfaces or skin through physical action.

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Study Notes

Microbial Metabolism

  • Catabolism breaks down molecules to release energy. Anabolism builds molecules using energy.
  • Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
  • The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) produces NADH, FADH2, and ATP, releasing CO2.
  • The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) uses NADH and FADH2 to generate a proton gradient, producing ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
  • Fermentation occurs without oxygen, producing ATP and byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol.
  • Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor, while anaerobic respiration uses other molecules (e.g., nitrate, sulfate).
  • Enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, and amylase are involved in metabolism.
  • Biochemical tests (e.g., sugar fermentation, methyl red, citrate utilization) help identify bacteria based on metabolism.

Horizontal Gene Transfer

  • Transformation: Uptake of naked DNA.
  • Transduction: Gene transfer via bacteriophages.
  • Conjugation: Plasmid transfer via a pilus.

Genetic Engineering

  • Recombinant DNA technology uses plasmids.
  • Insulin production is an example of genetic engineering.

Microbial Growth Control

  • Sterilization eliminates all microbial life (e.g., heat, radiation, sterilization agents).
  • Disinfection reduces most pathogens on inanimate objects (e.g., chemical disinfectants).
  • Antisepsis inhibits or destroys microbes on living tissue (e.g., antiseptics).
  • Physical methods for microbial control include heat (autoclaving, boiling), radiation (UV, ionizing), and filtration.
  • Chemical agents for control include alcohols, halogens, phenolics, aldehydes, and heavy metals.

Microbial Genetics

  • DNA is double-stranded, with complementary base pairing (A-T, G-C).
  • DNA replication involves enzymes like DNA polymerase, helicase, and ligase.
  • Mutations include point mutations (single base changes) and frameshift mutations (insertions/deletions).
  • Missense mutations change amino acids, while nonsense mutations introduce a stop codon.

Viruses

  • Viruses are acellular, non-living infectious agents.
  • Components include a capsid, genetic material (DNA or RNA), and sometimes an envelope.
  • Viral life cycles include lytic (replicating and lysing host) and lysogenic (integrating DNA into host).
  • Virus types include DNA viruses, RNA viruses, and retroviruses.

Vaccination and Antiviral Strategies

  • Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight viruses.
  • Virus detection methods can use molecular techniques (e.g., PCR) or cell culture.

Microbial Control Methods (Details)

  • Degerming physically removes microbes.
  • Sanitation reduces microbial load to a safe level.
  • Sterilants eliminate all microbes, even spores.
  • Effectiveness depends on the concentration and application method (disinfectant vs antiseptic).

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Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts of microbial metabolism, including catabolism and anabolism, glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain. It also explores horizontal gene transfer mechanisms such as transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Test your understanding of these fundamental microbiological processes!

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