Microbial Evolution and Early Life on Earth

Earth formed about 4.5 ______

Constant striking of comets and asteroids contributed to sterility of ______

Intense heat and absence of ______ made Earth devoid of life

Earth was ______, 2.5 BYA, because there was no ozone layer

This was before the start of the great oxidation ______

The oxidation rise happened during the start of the oxidation ______

Liquid ______ is a requirement to life

Water on Earth originated from volcanic outgassing of the planet’s interior from the innumerable collisions with icy comets and ______

In the early years when Earth was incredibly hot, water was present as water ______ due to Earth’s high temperatures

Jack Hills Zircon (ZrSiO4) Oldest known mineral formed in the ______ eon

Mineral pores can serve as compartments to house pre-cellular biochemical ______

The formation of cells came first, followed by ______, and finally genes

The environments on early Earth aided chemical reactions that resulted in the formation of more complex organic molecules from more simpler ______ precursors

Proto-metabolisms in the form of organizations of molecular species emerged and evolved first without any involvement of self-replicating ______

Early life forms that grow at 80C – 113C with pH range of 0-9.0 are called ______

The last universal common ancestor which preceded the divergence of Bacteria and Archaea was a cellular organism that had a lipid ______

The point at which Bacteria and Archaea diverged is estimated to be around 3.7-3.8 BYA, where the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) likely ______

The metabolism of cyanobacteria yielded O2 that oxidized reduced minerals containing Fe2+ to iron oxidizes containing ______

Anoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis involving purple and green bacteria where H2S was the electron source led to the ______

Fossils are important for understanding the evolution of plants and animals; some ______ fossilize too

Stromatolites are formed when microbes cause the deposition of ______ minerals that promote fossilization

Aggregates found in the Archean Apex chert of Western Australia revealed ______ structures

Cyanobacterial trichomes reported to be ______ years old

11 taxa of filamentous, dark brown to black carbonaceous ______ have been identified in the deposit

The presence of hopanes and steranes, derivatives of hopanoids and sterols, respectively, found in the plasma membrane are ______

Endosymbiotic Theory: The organelles of eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic cells that had developed a ______ relationship with the eukaryote-to-be

Symbiosis is a relationship between two different kinds of organisms that live in close contact. IF one lives inside the other, the relationship is known as ______

Serial endosymbiosis hypothesis: Eukaryotic ancestor diverged from archaeal line and possessed a nucleus prior to ______ with bacterial ancestor of the mitochondrion

Symbiogenesis hypothesis: Eukaryotic cell evolved from a symbiotic relationship between Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria was engulfed by archaeal partner and evolved over time into the mitochondrion. The nucleus evolved after establishment of ______

Transcription and translation have characteristics of ______