Microbial Diseases Overview and Diagnosis

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a major characteristic of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

  • It can be treated with penicillin effectively.
  • It requires alternative treatments like vancomycin. (correct)
  • It is always sensitive to all antibiotics.
  • It only occurs in hospital settings.

Which microbe is primarily responsible for whooping cough?

  • Vibrio cholerae
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Bordetella pertussis (correct)

Which of the following is a key virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes?

  • Exfoliative toxin
  • Lethal factor
  • Toxic shock syndrome toxin
  • M protein (correct)

What causes necrotizing fasciitis?

<p>Bacterial infections like Streptococcus pyogenes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of transmission for rotavirus?

<p>Fecal-oral route (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the diagnostic process for microbial diseases is true?

<p>Complicated symptoms can obscure the underlying causative microbe. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of rash is typically associated with measles?

<p>Maculopapular rash (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori?

<p>Collagenase, mucinase, and vacuolating toxin (VacA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of alveolar macrophages in the respiratory tract?

<p>Protecting against pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial species is primarily linked to gastric ulcers?

<p>Helicobacter pylori (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following infections is caused by viral agents?

<p>Measles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of infection for German Measles?

<p>Through the respiratory tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might the increasing use of the rotavirus vaccine lead to regarding gastrointestinal diseases?

<p>Rise in norovirus infections as a leading cause of diarrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis globally?

<p>Rotavirus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is primarily responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

<p>Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these diseases is primarily caused by viral pathogens?

<p>Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the capsule in Streptococcus pneumoniae?

<p>Prevents phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Histoplasma presents in two forms based on temperature. What are these forms?

<p>Budding yeast at 37℃ and mycelial form at 25℃ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor associated with the reemergence of tuberculosis?

<p>HIV epidemic increasing susceptibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is a major cause of pneumonia in infants and young children?

<p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diarrhea is primarily caused by increased osmolarity leading to water retention?

<p>Osmotic diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rehydration therapy for diarrheal diseases should ideally include which components?

<p>Water, glucose, and electrolytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of pathogenic E. coli is known to cause severe bloody diarrhea?

<p>EHEC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of inappropriate antibiotic use for diarrhea?

<p>Disruption of normal intestinal flora (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Microbial Diseases: Global Impact

Microbial diseases are a major cause of death worldwide, highlighting the importance of research and prevention.

Diagnostic Process: Unraveling the Mystery

Diagnosing microbial diseases involves gathering patient history, identifying symptoms, and considering potential causative microbes.

Staphylococcus aureus: Skin Infection

This bacterium causes common boils, often requiring drainage and antibiotics. It produces toxins that can lead to toxic shock syndrome and skin peeling.

MRSA: Antibiotic Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a serious infection that is resistant to many antibiotics, requiring alternative treatments like vancomycin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Streptococcus pyogenes: Flesh-Eating Bacteria

This bacterium can cause necrotizing fasciitis, a life-threatening infection, as well as less severe cellulitis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Measles: Respiratory Infection and Rash

This highly contagious viral disease causes a distinctive rash and spreads through the respiratory tract.

Signup and view all the flashcards

German Measles: Skin and Lymph Nodes

This viral infection primarily affects the skin and lymph nodes, potentially causing serious complications during pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bordetella pertussis: Whooping Cough

This bacterium causes whooping cough by binding to cilia in the lungs, disrupting the normal respiratory functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A bacteria primarily responsible for pneumonia, especially in the elderly and those with weakened immune systems. It has a capsule that helps it evade the immune system and can cause bloodstream infections and meningitis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Histoplasma

A fungus that causes histoplasmosis, a lung infection. It exists in two forms - a mold-like form in the environment and a yeast-like form that infects humans.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The bacterium responsible for tuberculosis (TB), a serious respiratory disease that can be fatal. TB has seen a resurgence due to the HIV epidemic, which weakens the immune system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary TB

The initial stage of TB infection characterized by the formation of granulomas, which wall off the bacteria in the lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secondary TB

A reactivation of latent TB infection, often occurring in individuals with weakened immune systems. The reactivated TB bacteria can cause lung damage and spread to other organs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Miliary TB

A severe form of TB where the bacteria spread throughout the body, resembling tiny grains (millet seeds).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rotavirus

A common cause of viral diarrhea, particularly in infants and young children. It spreads rapidly and can cause severe dehydration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

EHEC

One of the seven pathogenic classes of E. coli bacteria. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli strains cause severe bloody diarrhea.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Shiga Toxin

A toxin produced by Shigella and EHEC bacteria that blocks protein synthesis and damages endothelial cells, resulting in bleeding and bloody diarrhea.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Helicobacter pylori

A bacteria found in the stomach that causes ulcers. It neutralizes stomach acid using urease and damages the stomach lining with enzymes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What causes boils and scalded skin syndrome?

Staphylococcus aureus, a bacteria commonly found on skin, is the culprit behind these infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the primary cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), are the main culprits behind UTIs, causing discomfort and infection in the bladder.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the main causes of pneumonia?

Pneumonia is caused by a variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the main cause of gastroenteritis?

Rotavirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis, causing diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach cramps.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Microbial Diseases Overview

  • Microbial diseases are a major global health concern.
  • Research is needed due to emerging pathogens, increasing drug resistance, and bioterrorism threats.
  • Rapid identification and prevention are crucial to control outbreaks.

Diagnostic Process and Challenges

  • Diagnosis involves collecting patient history (travel, occupational hazards).
  • Identifying symptoms and causative microbes is crucial.
  • Similar symptoms can complicate diagnosis (e.g., Vibrio cholerae vs. enterotoxigenic E. coli).
  • Accurate patient history is essential, especially for travel-related illnesses.

Skin, Soft Tissue, and Bone Infections

  • Infections range from boils to severe necrotizing fasciitis.
  • Caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
  • Staphylococcus aureus causes boils, produces toxins (TSST, exfoliative toxin), and can result in MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).
  • Streptococcus pyogenes causes necrotizing fasciitis and cellulitis, contains virulence factors (M protein, exotoxins, hyaluronidase, DNase).

Respiratory Tract Infections

  • Alveolar macrophages and mucociliary escalator protect the lungs.
  • Key pathogens include Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and histoplasmosis.
  • Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia, while histoplasmosis is caused by a fungus.
  • Common diseases include measles, German measles.

Tuberculosis

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major cause of death.
  • Re-emergence is linked to the HIV epidemic.
  • Primary TB involves granuloma formation; secondary TB can reactivate, especially in immunocompromised individuals, or disseminate as miliary TB.

Viral Diseases of the Lung

  • Common viruses include influenza, rhinovirus, SARS, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV).
  • RSV is a major cause of pneumonia in infants and young children.
  • Viruses cause localized lung infections, leading to inflammation and excess mucus production.

Gastrointestinal Tract Infections

  • Diarrheal diseases are a significant health issue, particularly in developing countries.
  • Mostly caused by viruses (e.g., rotaviruses) or bacteria (e.g., Salmonella, Campylobacter).
  • Osmotic diarrhea, secretory diarrhea, inflammatory diarrhea, and motility-related diarrhea caused by pathogens.

Antibiotic Usage

  • Antibiotics are often inappropriate for diarrhea, disrupting normal intestinal flora and potentially leading to Clostridioides difficile infections.

Pathogenic E. coli

  • Seven classes of pathogenic E. coli exist (EHEC, EIEC, ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, UPEC, NMEC).
  • Shiga toxin is produced by Shigella and EHEC.

Rotavirus and Norovirus

  • Rotavirus and norovirus are leading causes of intestinal diseases.

Helicobacter pylori

  • Gastric ulcers were historically attributed to spicy foods and stress.
  • Helicobacter pylori is the causative agent of gastric ulcers.

Diagnosing Infections

  • Accurate patient histories are crucial.
  • Specific examples of related infections (Skin-Soft Tissue, Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, Urinary) are mentioned and listed for each category.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Microbiology Final Exam Review PDF

More Like This

Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System Quiz
10 questions

Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System Quiz

ValiantDiopside3806 avatar
ValiantDiopside3806
Microbial Diseases of the Skin Quiz
5 questions

Microbial Diseases of the Skin Quiz

TollFreeRainforest avatar
TollFreeRainforest
PLAQUE
60 questions

PLAQUE

RefreshingPolarBear avatar
RefreshingPolarBear
Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System
39 questions

Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System

EnchantedJasmine avatar
EnchantedJasmine
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser