Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method through which droplets containing pathogens are spread from an infected person?

  • Through the air when sneezing or coughing (correct)
  • Through touch on contaminated surfaces
  • By consuming contaminated food
  • By close physical contact

    • Which of the following statements best describes how we can contract viruses or bacteria from surfaces?

  • Touching a contaminated surface and then touching eyes, nose, or mouth (correct)
  • Inhaling droplets from the air without touching anything
  • Touching a surface and then making direct eye contact
  • Making prolonged physical contact with an infected person

    • What can survive on surfaces for a few hours, thus presenting a risk for infection?

  • Carbon dioxide
  • Ozone particles
  • Pathogens like viruses or bacteria (correct)
  • Dust and pollen

    • What is the distance up to which droplets containing pathogens can travel when someone sneezes or coughs?

    <p>2 meters or 6 1/2 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection is primarily discussed in relation to the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Upper respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with upper respiratory tract infections (URT)?

    <p>Loss of appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature describes rhinoviruses?

    <p>They are single-stranded RNA viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do rhinoviruses primarily spread from one individual to another?

    <p>By respiratory secretions and aerosols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure do rhinoviruses use for attachment to host cells?

    <p>Cellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding rhinoviruses?

    <p>They can survive for 4 hours on surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of rhinoviruses?

    <p>30 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what process does the rhinovirus enter a host cell?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes rhinoviruses in relation to the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>They do not infect the GI tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is primarily involved in the autoimmune response due to M protein in streptococcal infections?

    <p>Type II Sensitivity Reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of Scarlet Fever?

    <p>Bright-red skin rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major complication is associated with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Acute kidney damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common finding during the diagnosis of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

    <p>Dark red urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for confirming a streptococcal infection?

    <p>Rapid Strep Test (RST)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of antigen-antibody complexes in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis lead to?

    <p>Kidney damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition involves rapid involuntary movements of the face and hands as a complication of streptococcal infection?

    <p>Sydenham’s Chorea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a false positive risk associated with Rapid Strep Tests?

    <p>Colonization by Strep pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of skin manifestation is observed in Erythema Marginatum?

    <p>Thick red margins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for systemic infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

    <p>Intravenous antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism is Influenzae nontypable?

    <p>Gram-negative bacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary mode of transmission for Legionella?

    <p>Inhaling infected aerosols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of agar is needed for the growth of Legionella?

    <p>Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two distinct diseases caused by Legionella?

    <p>Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biological samples is NOT typically used for diagnosing Legionellosis?

    <p>Saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key characteristic do Legionella species possess regarding enzymatic activity?

    <p>Oxidase positive and Catalase positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the initial sites where Influenzae nontypable was commonly found?

    <p>Hot water tanks and cooling towers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which colony morphology is typical when Legionella is cultured on BCYE medium?

    <p>Gray-white with a cut glass appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the defining characteristics of Streptococcus pyogenes?

    <p>PYR positive and bacitracin sensitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the transmission of rhinovirus is correct?

    <p>Rhinovirus can be spread by respiratory droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms commonly associated with upper respiratory tract infections (URIs)?

    <p>Runny nose and sore throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-specific symptom of respiratory infections?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used for the diagnosis of rhinovirus infection?

    <p>Nasal swab for viral PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the pathogenesis of viral respiratory infections?

    <p>Direct destruction of host cells by the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment approach for upper respiratory tract infections?

    <p>Symptomatic relief with over-the-counter medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virulence factor is associated with Streptococcus pyogenes?

    <p>Capsule formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System

    • Focus on Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URIs) and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRIs).
    • Common pathogens include bacteria and viruses, with diverse transmission methods.

    Non-specific Symptoms

    • Fatigue, loss of appetite, fever are general indicators of respiratory infections.

    Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URIs)

    • Characterized by symptoms like rhinitis, which leads to a runny or stuffy nose and sneezing.

    Diagnosis of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

    • Methods include Rapid Strep Test for bacterial identification, throat cultures, and blood cultures.

    Streptococcus pyogenes

    • Key defining characteristics include being PYR positive and susceptible to bacitracin.
    • Virulence factors such as the M protein mimic body proteins, potentially causing immune confusion.

    Systemic Effects of Streptococcus pyogenes Infection

    • Can lead to serious conditions such as rheumatic fever, more precisely myocarditis, infective endocarditis, and pericarditis.
    • Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis occurs after initial infections like impetigo, typically 2-4 weeks later.

    Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

    • Results from antigen-antibody complex deposits in kidney glomeruli, causing inflammation and potential kidney damage.

    Rhinovirus

    • Naked virus about 30 nm with an icosahedral capsid and single-stranded RNA.
    • Primarily responsible for upper respiratory infections and targets ICAM-1 for cell entry.

    Transmission of Rhinovirus

    • Spread through respiratory secretions and surface contact; can survive for hours on skin and surfaces.
    • Acid-labile, meaning it does not infect the gastrointestinal tract.

    Influenzae Nontypable

    • A gram-negative bacillus found in water systems, transmitted via aerosols from contaminated sources (e.g., hot tubs, cooling towers).

    Legionella and Legionellosis

    • Includes two forms: Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever.
    • Requires special nutrient media (BCYE) for laboratory cultivation due to specific growth needs like cysteine and iron.

    Key Diagnostic Samples for Legionella

    • Biological samples may include blood, CSF, and pleural fluid for confirmation and understanding of infection spread.

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    Lecture 8: Microbial Diseases of Respiratory System PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers microbial diseases affecting the respiratory system, focusing on both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Explore the common pathogens involved, their transmission methods, and the symptoms that characterize these infections. Additionally, gain insights into diagnostic methods and the systemic effects of Streptococcus pyogenes.

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