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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the class described in the text?
What is the significance of adding a small amount of curd as an inoculum to fresh milk?
What is the role of microbes in the production of traditional drinks like toddy?
What is the key factor that determines the different varieties of cheese?
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How do microbes contribute to the distinct appearance of Swiss cheese?
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Which microorganism was a significant discovery by Alexander Fleming for the production of antibiotics?
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Which enzyme is commonly used in detergents for its cleaning effect on oily stains?
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What is the primary treatment process for sewage water, involving sequential filtration and sedimentation?
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Which microorganism is used for the commercial production of ethanol and in various laboratory purposes?
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Which of the following is a blood cholesterol-lowering agent produced by the microorganism Monascus purpureus?
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Study Notes
- The class is about microbes in human welfare, a small yet important chapter.
- Expect one to two questions in exams from this chapter, guaranteeing 4 to 8 marks directly.
- Microbes are found everywhere, even in extreme environments like deep soil layers or under thick snow.
- Microorganisms include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic animals, viruses, and viroids.
- Microbes play a crucial role in various processes like the production of curd from milk.
- Adding a small amount of curd as an inoculum to fresh milk helps convert it into curd due to the growth of lactic acid bacteria.
- Curd is rich in vitamin B12, calcium, and aids in digestion, making it beneficial for health.
- Microbes are also involved in fermenting foods like dosa, idly, bread, and traditional drinks like toddy.
- Fermentation by microbes produces carbon dioxide, giving rise to the fluffiness in dosa and idly.
- Traditional drinks like toddy are made by fermenting sap using microbes.- Microbes are commonly used in fermenting fish, soya, and bamboo shoots to produce food like cheese.
- Cheese comes in different varieties characterized by texture, flavor, taste, and holes determined by factors like water retention, flavoring, coloring, and microbes involved in fermentation.
- Swiss cheese has large holes due to the production of carbon dioxide by Propionibacterium, giving it a distinct appearance.
- Rockford cheese is ripened by a specific fungus on it, Penicillium roqueforti, which contributes to its flavor.
- Household microbes like Lactobacillus (milk), Saccharomyces (bread), and Brewers Yeast are commonly used in food fermentation.
- Industrial microbes are crucial for the production of antibiotics, with Penicillium notatum being a significant discovery by Alexander Fleming.
- Antibiotics have greatly improved the treatment of diseases like plague, whooping cough, diphtheria, and leprosy.
- Microbes are also utilized in commercial and industrial production, such as producing organic acids like citric acid (from Aspergillus Niger), acetic acid (from Acetobacter aceti), and butyric acid (from Clostridium butyricum).
- Microbes play a vital role in the production of enzymes like lipases, commonly used in detergents for their cleaning effect.
- East is crucial for the commercial production of ethanol and is commonly used in labs for various purposes.- Lipases are enzymes used in detergent formulation to remove oily stains.
- Pectinases are enzymes used to clarify bottled fruit juices by digesting pectin protein.
- Streptokinase, produced by Streptococcus bacteria and modified through genetic engineering, is used as a clot buster for heart attack patients.
- Cyclosporin A is an immunosuppressant used to prevent organ rejection in transplant patients, produced by Trichoderma polysporum.
- Monascus purpureus produces statins, which are used as blood cholesterol-lowering agents.
- Sewage treatment involves primary and secondary methods: sequential filtration and sedimentation for primary, then biological filtration for secondary treatment.
- Primary sludge is the settled debris from sewage water in the sedimentation tank.
- Biological filtration involves using aerobic bacteria (flocs) to break down organic matter in the water, increasing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
- Activated sludge is formed from the flocs, some of which are sent to an anaerobic sludge digester for biogas production.
- Tertiary treatment, including methods like UV, reverse osmosis, or ozone treatment, is used to further purify water for drinking purposes.
- The Ganga and Yamuna Action Plans were initiated by the government to protect and preserve these rivers due to overuse and pollution concerns.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the role of microbes in various processes like food fermentation, antibiotic production, and sewage treatment. Explore how microorganisms contribute to human health, food production, and environmental conservation.
