Microbes in Human Welfare and Industries
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What is the role of Lacto bacillus in food production?

  • Creates alcoholic beverages
  • Leavens bread dough
  • Ferments soy products
  • Produces lactic acid to curdle milk (correct)

    • Which of the following statements about Saccharomyces cerevisiae is true?

  • It helps in making vinegar
  • It is used to cure cheese
  • It produces carbon dioxide and ethanol through anaerobic respiration (correct)
  • It is primarily found in soy products

    • What is the function of Propionibacterium sharmanii in cheese production?

  • To increase Vitamin B12 in the cheese
  • To form a blue mold in cheese
  • To create holes in Swiss cheese (correct)
  • To produce lactic acid

    • Which of the following beverages is produced using Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

    <p>Whiskey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microbe is essential for the leavening process in dough?

    <p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a product of microbial fermentation?

    <p>Heavy metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fungus is used to create blue cheese?

    <p>Penicillium Roqueforti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What beneficial effect does consuming curd have on the stomach?

    <p>Checks the growth of disease-causing microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fermentation is used in the production of beer?

    <p>Anaerobic fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary ingredient used in the production of vodka?

    <p>Potato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microbe is responsible for producing lactic acid used in curd and yogurt formation?

    <p>Lactobacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is produced by the fungus Aspergillus species that is used commercially?

    <p>Pectinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of acid is produced by Acetobacter aceti?

    <p>Acetic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes helps to dissolve clots in myocardial infarction patients?

    <p>Streptokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is produced by Monascus purpureus?

    <p>Statins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of statins?

    <p>To act as a competitive inhibitor of enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is derived from Streptomyces griseus?

    <p>Streptomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not considered a property of a good antibiotic?

    <p>High toxicity to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process removes suspended materials during the primary treatment of sewage?

    <p>Sedimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aerobic bacteria in the secondary treatment of sewage?

    <p>To oxidize organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microbe produces penicillin?

    <p><em>Penicillium notatum</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is derived from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium?

    <p>Cephalosporin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of tertiary treatment in sewage treatment plants?

    <p>To remove residual pathogens and harmful chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of constantly agitating the effluent in the treatment process?

    <p>To sufficiently aerate the water and promote bacterial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'Biochemical Oxygen Demand' (BOD)?

    <p>The amount of oxygen consumed by oxidizing all organic matter in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms when bacterial flocs settle in settling tanks?

    <p>Activated sludge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria are responsible for degrading sludge in anaerobic sludge digesters?

    <p>Methanogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily generated during biogas production through methanogenic activity?

    <p>Methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a common raw material for biogas production?

    <p>Crop and domestic waste mixed with cow dung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the hydrolysis step of biogas production, which organism plays a significant role?

    <p>Eubacterium cellulosolvens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gases are products of anaerobic digestion that forms biogas?

    <p>Methane, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant advantage of biogas as mentioned?

    <p>It improves sanitation and minimizes the spread of faecal pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is mentioned as effective in controlling pest populations?

    <p>Bacillus thuringiensis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use of biogas?

    <p>Fertilizer production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ladybird beetles play in organic farming?

    <p>They prey on aphids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using Bacculovirus in pest control?

    <p>It specifically targets certain pest species without harming non-target organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Trichoderma in crop farming?

    <p>To feed on plant pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'biofertilizers' refer to?

    <p>Organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of organic farming is emphasized in pest management?

    <p>Maintaining a manageable pest population for ecosystem balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of biofertilizers compared to chemical fertilizers?

    <p>They are cheaper and economical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mycorrhizae benefit plants?

    <p>By passing absorbed phosphorus to the plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is known for fixing nitrogen in paddy fields?

    <p>Anabaena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a harmful effect of chemical fertilizers?

    <p>They can contaminate water bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using biofertilizers?

    <p>They pollute the soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Rhizobium leguminosorum in agriculture?

    <p>It fixes atmospheric nitrogen as nitrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major goals of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?

    <p>To combine biological control methods with minimal chemical use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do biofertilizers have on plant resistance?

    <p>They enhance plant resistance to pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbes in Human Welfare

    • Microbes convert complex foods into simpler substances, altering appearance, flavor, and odor.
    • Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) convert milk to curd, increasing vitamin B12 and checking disease-causing microbes in the stomach.
    • Yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is used in anaerobic respiration to make bread, and also produces ethanol for alcoholic beverages.
    • Bacteria, like Propionibacterium sharmanii, create holes in Swiss cheese, while Penicillium Roqueforti makes blue cheese.
    • Fermentation yields various products: beverages, vinegar, organic acids, vitamins, enzymes, and antibiotics.

    Microbes in Industries

    • Fermentation produces beverages, using various materials and processes.
    • Examples: whiskey from corn/rye, cider from apples, sake from rice, beer from barley malt, wine from grapes, rum from molasses, brandy from fruit juices, and vodka from potatoes.
    • Various microbes are involved in producing these beverages, as listed in a separate table.

    Chemical Enzymes and Bioactive Compounds

    • Many microbes produce organic acids (e.g., citric acid by Aspergillus niger, acetic acid by Acetobacter aceti, butyric acid by Clostridium butylicum)
    • Lactobacillus produces lactic acid for curd and yogurt
    • Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and yeast (Saccharomycopsis lipolytica) produce ethanol and lipases.
    • Fungi and bacteria produce pectinases and proteases for various uses, such as removing oil stains, clarifying fruit juices, and dissolving clots (for medical purposes).

    Microbes and Antibiotics

    • Trichoderma polysporum produces cyclosporine for organ transplant patients.
    • Monascus purpureus produces statins (cholesterol-lowering agents).
    • Microbes are used in producing antibiotics, with Penicillium notatum being a source for penicillin.
    • Other examples include cephalosporin from Cephalosporium acremonium, erythromycin from Streptomyces erythreus, streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus, tetracycline from Streptomyces rimosus, rifamycin from Streptomyces mediterranei, and gentamycin from Micromonaspora purpurea.

    Microbes in Sewage and Effluent Treatment

    • Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are microbial breeding facilities where microbes oxidize organic waste, producing inorganic chemicals like phosphates and nitrates, which are then removed.
    • STP treatment has three stages:
      • Primary: filtration and sedimentation to remove suspended solids and grit.
      • Secondary: aerobic treatment using bacteria to reduce BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand).
      • Tertiary: further treatment to remove toxic chemicals.
    • Sludge (sediments) from settling tanks can be treated (anaerobic digestion) to produce biogas.
    • Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily methane and carbon dioxide, produced by methanogens, which are bacteria found in swamps and the rumen of cattle.

    Biocontrol Agents and Biofertilizers

    • Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are used to control insect pests.
    • Trichoderma fungi control crop pathogens.
    • Nucleopolyhedrovirus are also used as biocontrol for insect pathogens.
    • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium associate with the roots of leguminous plants, improving soil fertility.
    • Cyanobacteria (Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria) are also biofertilizers, fixing nitrogen in soil, particularly useful in paddy fields.

    Production of Biogas

    • Biogas is produced from organic waste (like cow dung, crop residues).
    • Stages involved in biogas production include:
      • Hydrolysis of organic polymers.
      • Acid formation with acetogenic bacteria.
      • Methane formation via methanogenic bacteria.
    • Biogas is useful as a cooking fuel and fertilizer.

    Practices in Pest Management

    • IPM (Integrated Pest Management) involves biological methods and chemical pesticides when necessary, such as: using natural predators, parasites, and pathogens, and using resistant varieties, and crop rotation.
    • Growing pest-resistant varieties (Bt cotton).
    • Crop rotation, mixed cropping and sanitation reducing pest population.

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    Microbes In Human Welfare PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating role of microbes in transforming food and beverages. This quiz covers the functions of lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and various fermentation processes. Discover how these microorganisms contribute to food production, flavor enhancement, and the creation of alcoholic drinks.

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