Micosis Superficiales y Dermatofitosis
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Questions and Answers

¿Qué factor contribuye a la presencia de Malassezia en climas tropicales?

  • Exposición al sol (correct)
  • Temperaturas frías nocturnas
  • Uso de jabones específicos
  • Aumento de la humedad
  • ¿Cuál de las siguientes características se asocia con T.verrucosum?

  • Hifas gruesas y tabicadas
  • Aspecto aterciopelado y color beige
  • Hifas delgadas en forma de 'candelabros' (correct)
  • Macroconidios en forma de hojas de árbol
  • ¿Qué tratamiento se utilizaría para una onicomicosis en adultos?

  • Griseofulvina
  • Fluconazol
  • Terbinafina (correct)
  • Bifonazol
  • ¿Cuál es la clasificación de M.gypseum según su aspecto?

    <p>Aspecto polvoso o arenoso, blanco a beige</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál de las siguientes tiñas es tratada con griseofulvina en su forma capitis?

    <p>Tiña capitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál es la forma más frecuente de presentación de la neumonía causada por Paracoccidioides?

    <p>Infiltrado pulmonar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué tipo de lesión cutánea presenta bordes definidos y elevados con costra en infecciones por Paracoccidioides?

    <p>Verrugosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál es el agente patógeno responsable de la fiebre del valle de San Joaquín?

    <p>Coccidioides immitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál de las siguientes estructuras óseas es principalmente afectada por la infección por Paracoccidioides?

    <p>Cráneo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál de las siguientes manifestaciones es característica de la forma pulmonar de Coccidioides immitis?

    <p>Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué tipo de enfermedad producen los hongos dimórficos como Histoplasma capsulatum?

    <p>Micosis profunda y sistémica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál es el principal diagnóstico directo para identificar infecciones por Paracoccidioides?

    <p>Levaduras de base ancha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué se observa en un examen directo en KOH de esputo en infecciones por Coccidioides immitis?

    <p>Esferulas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué tipo de hongos causa la micosis sistémica de curso agudo mencionada en el contenido?

    <p>Hongos termo-dimórficos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál es el tratamiento indicado para infecciones pulmonares por Paracoccidioides en embarazadas?

    <p>Anfotericina B liposomal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál de las siguientes afirmaciones sobre la transmisión del Coccidioides immitis es correcta?

    <p>La infección se da únicamente por inhalación del polvo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál es la principal manifestación asociada a la infección diseminada por Coccidioides immitis en personas inmunocomprometidas?

    <p>Alteraciones neurológicas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál de los siguientes factores es un riesgo para desarrollar infecciones por Aspergillus?

    <p>Consumo de alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué tipo de reproducción predomina en el género Aspergillus?

    <p>Reproducción asexual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál de las siguientes opciones es un tratamiento utilizado para los casos graves de Coccidioides immitis?

    <p>Anfotericina B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué tipo de hongo es Histoplasma capsulatum?

    <p>Un hongo dimórfico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Micosis Superficiales

    • Pitiriasis versicolor: Characterized by hypopigmented or hyperpigmented macules, often on the trunk and upper extremities. Common in warm, humid climates. Caused by Malassezia furfur or Malassezia sympodialis yeasts. Associated with sun exposure, oily skin, or hormonal changes. Treatment includes topical antifungals.

    Tinea/Dermatofitosis

    • Etiology: Caused by dermatophytes (e.g., Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, Epidermophyton floccosum). These fungi can infect skin, hair, and nails. Transmission can be direct, from fomites, or through shared objects.

    • Types: Several types exist affecting different body areas; Tinea capitis (scalp), Tinea barbae (beard), Tinea corporis (body), Tinea cruris (groin), Tinea manuum (hands), Tinea pedis (feet), and Onychomycosis (nails). Distinct clinical presentations vary based on the affected area.

    • Diagnosis: Direct microscopy with potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation and/or culture are used to confirm the infection. Skin scrapings or nail clippings are collected according to the involved area.

    • Treatment: Topical or systemic antifungals depending on the severity, location, and extent of the infection. Specific treatments are dictated by the identified dermatophyte species.

    Cromoblastomicosis

    • Etiology: Caused by dematiaceous fungi like Fonsecaea pedrosi and Cladophialophora carrionii. Often transmitted by traumatic inoculation through contact with plant material.

    • Presentation: Characterized by slowly progressive, verrucous (wart-like) nodules or plaques, commonly on the lower extremities. The lesions have a darkened or speckled appearance. Clinical evolution is slow and the lesions can last for years.

    • Diagnosis: Clinical presentation, and histopathological or direct microscopic examination of tissue samples are utilized for diagnosis. Culturing the fungus in specialized media is also important.

    • Treatment: Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the lesions or cryotherapy, combined with systemic antifungal medications or immunotherapy.

    Esporotricosis

    • Etiology: Caused by dimorphic fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. Usually contracted through traumatic inoculation of plant material and characterized by its tendency to follow lymphatic channels.

    • Presentation: Typically presents as a localized or cutaneous infection, manifesting as a primary inoculation chancre or as more generalized lymphatic spread. Chronic lesions may progress to verrucous or ulcerating plaques, with lymphatic involvement.

    • Diagnosis: Histopathological examination (Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon) and culture of the fungus in appropriate media are crucial for diagnosis.

    Micetoma

    • Etiology: Caused by various actinomycetes or fungi, leading to a chronic granulomatous infection with draining sinuses. Various Nocardia species, Madura mycetomatis and Actinomadura madurae are the most common organisms.

    • Presentation: Characterized by subcutaneous nodules, masses, or swelling with multiple draining sinus tracts. The lesions, filled with granules or pus containing fungal elements, often involve the extremities.

    • Diagnosis: Requires clinical evaluations, laboratory methods which include cultures from the draining sinuses and histopathologic evaluations of the tissue samples, for the definite diagnosis.

    Coccidioidomycosis

    • Etiology: Caused by Coccidioides immitis or C. posadasii. The infection is transmitted via inhalation of the fungal spores found in soil.

    • Presentation: Can present as asymptomatic or have a pulmonary form (including pneumonia and disseminated disease).

    • Diagnosis: Laboratory testing through cultures or histopathology of body fluid samples. (e.g., sputum). Other imaging technologies can be used for visualization, such as X-rays and scans.

    Histoplasmosis

    • Etiology: Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. Inhalation of fungal spores from soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings is the primary mode of transmission.

    • Presentation: Often asymptomatic, or presents as a pulmonary infection that may progress to chronic disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. Pulmonary infection may mimic common respiratory illnesses.

    • Diagnosis: Diagnosis is primarily done via microscopy (detection of fungal cells in body fluids – e.g., sputum) and/or culture of the organism and histopathological evaluation of the affected tissues from different parts of the body.

    Mucormicosis

    • Etiology: Caused by Rhizopus, Mucor, and Lichtheimia species; it's often opportunistic (especially in patients with uncontrolled diabetes or immunocompromised status). It's a serious, potentially fatal invasive fungus infection.

    • Presentation: Frequently involves the sinuses and brain (rhino-orbito-cerebral type), but can affect the lungs and other organs. Rapidly progressive, potentially life-threatening, and presents with necrotizing tissue lesions.

    • Diagnosis: Direct microscopy, cultures, and histology are utilized for diagnosing the infection; frequently, imaging is also essential.

    Candidiasis

    • Etiology: Caused by Candida albicans or other Candida species, and it's a common fungal infection.

    • Presentation: Can present as cutaneous or mucocutaneous infections, but can also cause systemic complications.

    • Diagnosis: Clinical and microscopic evaluations of samples from affected areas.

    Aspergillosis

    • Etiology: Caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and other Aspergillus species. This can range from an allergic reaction to invasive disease.

    • Presentation: Can cause upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections and lung disease. Also, can create localized infections and/or spread throughout the body. This can involve sinuses, ears, and eyes.

    • Diagnosis: Cultures, microscopy, and histopathology are often used for diagnosing the infections and the specific species involved.

    Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)

    • Etiology: Caused Primarily by Pneumocystis jirovecii, an unusual fungus-like organism.

    • Presentation: Typically affects patients with compromised immune systems and causes a significant pulmonary infection. This pneumonia can range from mild to severe.

    • Diagnosis: Lung visualization techniques like radiography, computed tomography (CT), histopathological evaluation of collected tissue samples, and microscopic evaluations of collected bodily fluids (e.g., sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids).

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    Description

    Este cuestionario aborda las micosis superficiales y la dermatofitosis, incluyendo la pitiriasis versicolor y diversas infecciones por dermatofitos. Aprenderás sobre los agentes causales, tipos de infecciones, transmisión y diagnóstico. Ideal para estudiantes de dermatología o profesionales de la salud.

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