Mice Empathy and Pain Transmission

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Questions and Answers

What mechanism allows mice to signal distress to their cage mates when one is in pain?

  • Visual Signals
  • Olfactory Cues
  • Auditory Cues
  • All of the Above (correct)

Which brain area is primarily involved in processing fear and emotional salience in mice?

  • Amygdala (correct)
  • Cerebellum
  • Prefrontal Cortex
  • Hippocampus

How might empathy enhance survival in social species like mice?

  • By reducing social interaction
  • By promoting cooperation and group cohesion (correct)
  • By increasing competition for resources
  • By fostering individualism

What type of technology did the 2021 study use to visualize real-time neural activity during social interactions?

<p>Calcium Imaging (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be implications of understanding social transmission of pain in mice?

<p>Enhancing animal housing and treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of empathy, which of the following brain areas is central to empathy and social pain?

<p>Anterior Cingulate Cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of empathy-related disorders can insights from mouse pain transmission help inform?

<p>Treatments for social dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does synaptic plasticity play in the neural mechanisms of empathy in mice?

<p>It strengthens the ability for empathy with repeated exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of achieving genetic homogeneity in research animals?

<p>To achieve genetic uniformity for consistent experimental results (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of using inbred strains in research?

<p>Inbreeding depression may occur over generations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does phenotypic uniformity in inbred strains benefit experimental research?

<p>It allows for smaller groups to detect meaningful differences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common research application of inbred strains?

<p>Accurately determining dose-response relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of outbred strains?

<p>They maintain some genetic variation to mimic real-world populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge arises from using genetically diverse outbred strains?

<p>Experiments require a larger number of animals for statistical power (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is reproducibility an advantage of using inbred animal strains?

<p>Results are consistent due to fixed genetic makeup (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle should controlled experiments follow?

<p>Only the treatment applied should differ between groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the 3Rs principle in animal research?

<p>To minimize animal suffering and improve research quality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT mentioned as an approved euthanasia method?

<p>Electrocution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is verification crucial following the cessation of circulation method?

<p>To ensure the heart has actually stopped functioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must researchers do to comply with legal demands in euthanasia?

<p>Follow approved euthanasia methods and document the procedures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of euthanasia is typically reserved for small animals and requires trained personnel?

<p>Neck Dislocation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sedation when alternative euthanasia methods are utilized?

<p>To ensure the animal does not experience pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is rigor mortis used to confirm in the context of euthanasia?

<p>That death has occurred (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Animal Welfare Body (AWB) play in the euthanasia process?

<p>It oversees adherence to euthanasia methods and personnel training (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does anxiety have on pain perception?

<p>It amplifies pain perception through increased neural activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does tunnel handling differ from tail handling during the first injection?

<p>Animals perceive the tunnel as a safe environment reducing aversion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the periaqueductal gray (PAG) play in pain signaling?

<p>It is involved in descending pain inhibition during low-anxiety states. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which handling method results in higher stress and pain perception during the second injection?

<p>Standard method due to memory of the first injection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of reducing stress in animal handling techniques?

<p>Enhanced reliability of experimental results. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of introducing a reward during tunnel handling?

<p>It activates the brain's reward system to offset pain discomfort. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurobiological effect does stress have on pain perception?

<p>It causes the release of cortisol, amplifying pain perception. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about handling techniques is true?

<p>Tunnel handling can eliminate aversion and improve experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Central Authority for Scientific Procedures on Animals (CCD) play in ethical animal research?

<p>It promotes best practices and innovation in ethical animal research. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the responsibilities of the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA)?

<p>To grant licenses to institutions and conduct inspections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ethical review conducted by the CCD?

<p>To balance scientific merit against animal welfare considerations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What qualifications must a responsible researcher possess?

<p>A master's degree indicating advanced knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the CCD facilitate communication among stakeholders in animal research?

<p>By harmonizing approaches nationally and internationally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required from institutions regarding their animal research activities?

<p>They are required to document and submit annual reports. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant responsibility of the responsible researcher?

<p>To ensure that the experiments are designed and executed to meet high standards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the annual reporting process entail for institutions conducting animal experiments?

<p>They have to document and submit details of their research activities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the Centrale Commissie Dierproeven (CCD)?

<p>To conduct the ethical review of animal research projects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key reasons for having multiple oversight bodies in animal research?

<p>To prevent conflicts of interest and maintain ethical standards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consideration for ethical judgment in animal research?

<p>The financial cost of the research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of animal experimentation laws?

<p>Balance scientific progress with ethical responsibility towards animals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is public accountability important in animal research?

<p>To prevent misuse of animals and maintain public trust in science (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the pre-regulation era contribute to the understanding of current stringent laws governing animal experimentation?

<p>It highlights the importance of ethical oversight and regulation in animal research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges researchers face when navigating animal research?

<p>Balancing scientific ambition with animal rights and ethical considerations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three R's used to guide ethical animal research?

<p>Replace, Reduce, Refine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tunnel Handling

A method that reduces stress by providing a safe space for animals during handling.

Anxiety and Pain Link

Anxiety increases pain perception by activating the amygdala.

Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)

A brain region that helps inhibit pain signaling when activated.

Tail Handling

A method that induces high aversion and stress in animals.

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HPA axis

A system activated by stress that triggers cortisol release, increasing pain perception.

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Anticipatory Anxiety

Anxiety that occurs due to expectations of future pain or discomfort.

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Reward System Activation

The brain system that offsets discomfort by providing a positive experience during handling.

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Animal Welfare

Improving handling methods reduces suffering and enhances research reliability.

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Pain Transmission in Mice

Mice exhibit stress signals when cage mates are in pain, even without direct exposure.

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Olfactory Cues

Chemical signals like pheromones indicate distress among mice.

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Visual Signals

Behavior changes like limping or increased grooming alert other mice to pain.

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Fear Transmission

Mice that observe fear responses, like freezing, may also exhibit similar behavior.

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Brain Areas Involved in Empathy

Key areas include the Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Amygdala, and Somatosensory Cortex.

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Empathy in Evolution

Empathy may boost survival by promoting cooperation and quick responses to threats.

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Animal Welfare in Research

Understanding pain's social transmission enhances animal housing and treatment conditions.

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Empathy-Related Disorders

Findings in mice aid in studying disorders like autism spectrum disorder and psychopathy.

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Scientific Quality

Evaluation of research methodology to ensure meaningful results.

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Competent Authority

The final governing body that grants project licenses after ethical and scientific evaluation.

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Centrale Commissie Dierproeven (CCD)

Responsible for assessing project adherence to national laws and ethics in animal research.

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3Rs Principles

Guiding ethical framework: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement in animal research.

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Balance of Interests

Weighing scientific needs against animal welfare in research.

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Central Authority for Scientific Procedures on Animals (CCD)

An expert body advising on ethical animal research practices and policies.

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Public Accountability

Laws ensure research practices are ethical and trustworthy to maintain public confidence.

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Three R’s

Principles aimed at reducing animal use: Replacement, Reduction, Refinement.

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Ethical Frameworks

Laws reflect societal values regarding animal welfare and respect for sentience.

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Pre-Regulation Era

Period before oversight, leading to unregulated and often cruel animal experiments.

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Ethical Review

Process evaluating if experiments meet ethical standards for animal welfare.

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Project Licenses

Approval for specific research, ensuring ethical justification.

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Institutional Licenses

Licenses granted to institutions ensuring compliance with animal research standards.

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External Supervision

Monitoring of institutions for compliance with ethical research laws.

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Responsible Researcher

Accountable individual for designing and executing animal experiments ethically.

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Master's Degree (MSc)

Postgraduate degree indicating advanced knowledge in a specific field.

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Replacement

Avoiding or replacing animal use in research where possible.

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Reduction

Minimizing the number of animals used in research.

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Refinement

Enhancing experimental techniques to reduce suffering in animals.

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Directive 2010/63/EU

EU directive governing the use of animals in scientific experiments.

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Euthanasia Methods

Approved techniques for humanely killing animals in research.

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Verification Methods

Tools like ECG confirm cessation of circulation in euthanasia.

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Sedation Requirement

Mandated sedation to prevent pain during euthanasia alternatives.

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Genetic Homogeneity

A condition where all animals are genetically identical, except for random mutations.

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Phenotypic Uniformity

All animals display the same traits under similar conditions.

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Reduced Sample Sizes

Smaller groups are required for experiments due to minimized variability.

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Reproducibility

Consistent results across different labs and experiments due to fixed genetics.

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Inbreeding Depression

Negative health effects that occur after many generations of inbreeding.

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Outbred Strains

Animals that retain some genetic variation to reflect real-world diversity.

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Controlled Experiments

Experiments where treated and control groups differ only in the treatment applied.

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Applications of Inbred Strains

Used in toxicology, pharmacology, and genetic studies for clear results.

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Study Notes

Animal Models: Choices and Consequences

  • Animal models are used in scientific research to study human conditions
  • 19th century focused on observational studies in humans, rather than experiments
  • Animal studies now account for over 50% of major scientific breakthroughs
  • Examples include the development of vaccines, techniques for heart research, and studies relating to diabetes
  • The complexity of living systems makes animal studies necessary, as bacteria and tissue culture studies are limited
  • Animal models simulate human biology and diseases, providing a framework for understanding conditions and testing treatments
  • Specific types of animal models exist, encompassing normal animals, naturally occurring variations, and those with induced deviations/disease
  • Inbred strains are maintained over many generations to ensure high genetic similarity, essential for precision in studies
  • Outbred strains represent natural population variability, useful for early drug testing
  • Strain selection helps create models for specific characteristics like resistance to disease

Laboratory Animal Models

  • Laboratory animal models replicate normative biology, behavior, or induced/spontaneous diseases similar to humans
  • These models help study biological processes like metabolism or reproduction, or behavioral responses to stress
  • Key examples include spontaneous diabetes in mice or induced immune responses in genetically-engineered mice

Experimental Workflow

  • Extensive literature reviews to refine study designs, avoiding redundancy;
  • Consulting experts in related fields;
  • Adherence to PREPARE guidelines ensures efficient planning and minimizing animal use in the procedures;
  • Housing, personnel training, and experimental endpoints are essential aspects covered in PREPARE;
  • Real-time observation of animals allows for the measurement of their behaviors and physiological indicators;
  • Ethical oversight ensures that the least amount of suffering possible for the animals is maintained.
  • Rigorous data analysis is essential to ensure reproducibility and reliability
  • Methods are refined for future animal studies
  • Animal welfare is ensured, even if the model lacks construct validity

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