Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of MHC-I-restricted antigen presentation?
What is the purpose of MHC-I-restricted antigen presentation?
- Providing help for other leukocytes involved in an immune response
- Promoting inflammation
- Identifying cells that must be destroyed (correct)
- Regulating the immune system
Which cells respond to MHC-II-restricted antigen presentation?
Which cells respond to MHC-II-restricted antigen presentation?
- Treg cells
- CD8 T lymphocytes
- TH2 cells (correct)
- TH1 cells
What is the function of memory T lymphocytes?
What is the function of memory T lymphocytes?
- Initiating an immune response
- Killing infected or tumor cells
- Regulating immune responses
- Providing long-term immunity (correct)
What is the source of peptides for MHC-I molecules?
What is the source of peptides for MHC-I molecules?
What are super-antigens and how do they work?
What are super-antigens and how do they work?
What is the functional consequence of a missing MHC-I molecule?
What is the functional consequence of a missing MHC-I molecule?
Which cells bear MHC-I and MHC-II molecules?
Which cells bear MHC-I and MHC-II molecules?
How are proteins processed for antigen presentation?
How are proteins processed for antigen presentation?
What is the structure of the MHC-I molecule?
What is the structure of the MHC-I molecule?
How do T lymphocytes migrate?
How do T lymphocytes migrate?
What are the properties of the different T lymphocyte subsets?
What are the properties of the different T lymphocyte subsets?
What is the function of calnexin in the antigen presentation pathway?
What is the function of calnexin in the antigen presentation pathway?
What protein dissociates from the MHC class I α chain upon binding of β2microglobulin?
What protein dissociates from the MHC class I α chain upon binding of β2microglobulin?
What is the term given for extracellular material that ends up being presented by MHC-I molecules on a cell’s surface?
What is the term given for extracellular material that ends up being presented by MHC-I molecules on a cell’s surface?
What is the role of tapasin in the MHC class I molecule pathway?
What is the role of tapasin in the MHC class I molecule pathway?
What is required in addition to MHC-restricted antigen presentation to achieve effector functions in T lymphocytes?
What is required in addition to MHC-restricted antigen presentation to achieve effector functions in T lymphocytes?
What delivers the survival signal to T lymphocytes in the form of surface co-stimulatory molecules CD80/86?
What delivers the survival signal to T lymphocytes in the form of surface co-stimulatory molecules CD80/86?
Which proteins form the CD3 signaling complex in the TCR?
Which proteins form the CD3 signaling complex in the TCR?
What is the function of ERp57 in association with calcineurin and calreticulin?
What is the function of ERp57 in association with calcineurin and calreticulin?
What protein binds to the transmembrane chaperone protein calnexin and the enzyme ERp57?
What protein binds to the transmembrane chaperone protein calnexin and the enzyme ERp57?
Where can exogenous peptides leak into, for display by MHC Class I molecules?
Where can exogenous peptides leak into, for display by MHC Class I molecules?
What leads to high enough pAPC CD80/CD86 expression to activate CD8 cells into becoming cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)?
What leads to high enough pAPC CD80/CD86 expression to activate CD8 cells into becoming cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)?
What is the purpose of MHC-II-restricted antigen presentation?
What is the purpose of MHC-II-restricted antigen presentation?
What cells express MHC-II molecules?
What cells express MHC-II molecules?
What cells respond to MHC-II-restricted antigen presentation?
What cells respond to MHC-II-restricted antigen presentation?
What is the purpose of MHC-I-restricted antigen presentation?
What is the purpose of MHC-I-restricted antigen presentation?
What cells express MHC-I molecules?
What cells express MHC-I molecules?
What cells respond to MHC-I-restricted antigen presentation?
What cells respond to MHC-I-restricted antigen presentation?
What type of TCR is composed of one α-chain and one β-chain?
What type of TCR is composed of one α-chain and one β-chain?
What type of TCR is made up of one γ-chain and one δ-chain?
What type of TCR is made up of one γ-chain and one δ-chain?
What are the peptide binding domains of class I MHC molecules?
What are the peptide binding domains of class I MHC molecules?
What are the peptide binding domains of class II MHC molecules?
What are the peptide binding domains of class II MHC molecules?
What is the length range of peptides that class II MHC molecules bind?
What is the length range of peptides that class II MHC molecules bind?
What is the length range of peptides that class I MHC molecules bind?
What is the length range of peptides that class I MHC molecules bind?
What is the main source of peptides for MHC-II molecules?
What is the main source of peptides for MHC-II molecules?
Which types of T lymphocytes do class I MHC molecules present antigenic peptides to?
Which types of T lymphocytes do class I MHC molecules present antigenic peptides to?
What is the function of HLA-DM proteins in the context of MHC class II molecules?
What is the function of HLA-DM proteins in the context of MHC class II molecules?
Where are acidified endocytic vesicles such as endosomes and phagolysosomes located?
Where are acidified endocytic vesicles such as endosomes and phagolysosomes located?
What is the role of the proteasome in the context of MHC class I molecules?
What is the role of the proteasome in the context of MHC class I molecules?
Which proteins are responsible for transporting peptides from the cytosol into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Which proteins are responsible for transporting peptides from the cytosol into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the function of MHC class II molecules?
What is the function of MHC class II molecules?
What is the role of cathepsins H, B, D, S and L in the context of MHC class II molecules?
What is the role of cathepsins H, B, D, S and L in the context of MHC class II molecules?
What is the function of class I MHC molecules?
What is the function of class I MHC molecules?
What is the function of invariant chain (Ii) in the context of MHC class II molecules?
What is the function of invariant chain (Ii) in the context of MHC class II molecules?
What is the maximum length of peptides that MHC-II molecules can bind?
What is the maximum length of peptides that MHC-II molecules can bind?
Which proteins serve a peptide editing function in association with MHC class II molecules?
Which proteins serve a peptide editing function in association with MHC class II molecules?
Which molecule is required for the activation of Fyn by dephosphorylating it?
Which molecule is required for the activation of Fyn by dephosphorylating it?
How many peptide:MHC-II complexes are estimated to be sufficient to activate CD4 T lymphocytes?
How many peptide:MHC-II complexes are estimated to be sufficient to activate CD4 T lymphocytes?
What is the function of the cytoplasmic domains of CD3 and the homodimer?
What is the function of the cytoplasmic domains of CD3 and the homodimer?
What is the role of ZAP-70 in T cell signaling?
What is the role of ZAP-70 in T cell signaling?
Which molecule is responsible for cleaving phosphatidylinositol biphosphate (PIP2) into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3)?
Which molecule is responsible for cleaving phosphatidylinositol biphosphate (PIP2) into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3)?
What triggers complete activation of the T cell?
What triggers complete activation of the T cell?
What drives the expression of IL-2 and high affinity IL-2 receptors?
What drives the expression of IL-2 and high affinity IL-2 receptors?
Which of the following best describes the nomenclature used to define MHC I and MHC II alleles?
Which of the following best describes the nomenclature used to define MHC I and MHC II alleles?
What is responsible for the variability of peptides presented by MHC molecules?
What is responsible for the variability of peptides presented by MHC molecules?
Which cells are involved in the antigen presentation via MHC class II molecules?
Which cells are involved in the antigen presentation via MHC class II molecules?
What is the origin and source of the peptides presented by MHC class I molecules?
What is the origin and source of the peptides presented by MHC class I molecules?
Which proteins are mainly processed by the MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation machinery?
Which proteins are mainly processed by the MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation machinery?
What is the process and outcome of MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation?
What is the process and outcome of MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation?
Which type of cells interact in antigen cross-presentation involving non-classical MHC-I molecules?
Which type of cells interact in antigen cross-presentation involving non-classical MHC-I molecules?
What is the significance of superantigen activation in antigen presentation mechanisms?
What is the significance of superantigen activation in antigen presentation mechanisms?
What differs superantigens from antigens?
What differs superantigens from antigens?
Which proteins form the CD3 signaling complex in the TCR?
Which proteins form the CD3 signaling complex in the TCR?
What delivers the survival signal to T lymphocytes in the form of surface co-stimulatory molecules CD80/86?
What delivers the survival signal to T lymphocytes in the form of surface co-stimulatory molecules CD80/86?
What is responsible for the variability of peptides presented by MHC molecules?
What is responsible for the variability of peptides presented by MHC molecules?
What is the function of HLA-DM proteins in the context of MHC class II molecules?
What is the function of HLA-DM proteins in the context of MHC class II molecules?
What protein binds to the transmembrane tail of the TCR α:β heterodimer?
What protein binds to the transmembrane tail of the TCR α:β heterodimer?
What differs superantigens from antigens?
What differs superantigens from antigens?
Which second messengers are involved in CD28-mediated signaling?
Which second messengers are involved in CD28-mediated signaling?
What is the major outcome of CD28-dependent costimulation?
What is the major outcome of CD28-dependent costimulation?
Which cytokines are required for the differentiation of TH1 cells?
Which cytokines are required for the differentiation of TH1 cells?
What is the function of TH1 cells?
What is the function of TH1 cells?
Which cells require a higher costimulatory threshold as compared to CD4+ T lymphocytes?
Which cells require a higher costimulatory threshold as compared to CD4+ T lymphocytes?
What cytokines are required for the differentiation of TH2 cells?
What cytokines are required for the differentiation of TH2 cells?
What is the function of TH2 cells?
What is the function of TH2 cells?
Which cytokines are required for the differentiation of TH17 cells?
Which cytokines are required for the differentiation of TH17 cells?
What is the function of TH17 cells?
What is the function of TH17 cells?
What is the major outcome of cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation?
What is the major outcome of cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation?
Which cells generally require the help of TH1 cells for their activation?
Which cells generally require the help of TH1 cells for their activation?
What is the role of TH1 responses?
What is the role of TH1 responses?
What is the main purpose of TH17 responses?
What is the main purpose of TH17 responses?
What is the primary function of TH2 responses?
What is the primary function of TH2 responses?
What is the purpose of TFH cells?
What is the purpose of TFH cells?
What is the main function of TREG cells?
What is the main function of TREG cells?
Which cytokine is primarily associated with TH17 response?
Which cytokine is primarily associated with TH17 response?
What is the key cytokine secreted by TFH cells?
What is the key cytokine secreted by TFH cells?
What is the main role of IL-22 in the immune response?
What is the main role of IL-22 in the immune response?
What is the effect of IL-17 at the site of injury?
What is the effect of IL-17 at the site of injury?
What drives germinal centre formation and generation of high-affinity antibodies?
What drives germinal centre formation and generation of high-affinity antibodies?
What is the primary reason for immune reactions to be inherently short-lived?
What is the primary reason for immune reactions to be inherently short-lived?
What enables the immune system to react rapidly to changes in the response?
What enables the immune system to react rapidly to changes in the response?
Which molecule has a much greater affinity for CD80/CD86 compared to CD28?
Which molecule has a much greater affinity for CD80/CD86 compared to CD28?
Under inflammatory conditions, what effect does increased CD80/CD86 avidity have?
Under inflammatory conditions, what effect does increased CD80/CD86 avidity have?
What is the function of regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) in relation to CD80/CD86 access to T lymphocytes?
What is the function of regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) in relation to CD80/CD86 access to T lymphocytes?
Which inhibitory receptor is particularly important in therapeutics?
Which inhibitory receptor is particularly important in therapeutics?
What happens when a naïve T cell binds to peptide:MHC on a cell that does not express CD80/86?
What happens when a naïve T cell binds to peptide:MHC on a cell that does not express CD80/86?
What is the role of PD-L1 in relation to T cell activation termination?
What is the role of PD-L1 in relation to T cell activation termination?
What is the outcome when Ag dwindles in the presence of CTLA-4 engagement?
What is the outcome when Ag dwindles in the presence of CTLA-4 engagement?
What is the significance of engagement of PD-1 by PD-L1?
What is the significance of engagement of PD-1 by PD-L1?
What is the primary function of CTLA-4 in relation to CD80/CD86 interaction?
What is the primary function of CTLA-4 in relation to CD80/CD86 interaction?
What is the estimated range of peptide:MHC-II complexes sufficient to activate CD4 T lymphocytes?
What is the estimated range of peptide:MHC-II complexes sufficient to activate CD4 T lymphocytes?
Which protein is phosphorylated by Fyn, leading to the subsequent phosphorylation of ZAP-70 in T cell signaling?
Which protein is phosphorylated by Fyn, leading to the subsequent phosphorylation of ZAP-70 in T cell signaling?
What is the primary function of CD80 and/or CD86 on the surface of pAPCs in T cell activation?
What is the primary function of CD80 and/or CD86 on the surface of pAPCs in T cell activation?
What is the role of ZAP-70 in T cell signaling?
What is the role of ZAP-70 in T cell signaling?
Which downstream signaling pathway results in the activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor AP-1?
Which downstream signaling pathway results in the activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor AP-1?
What triggers the expression of costimulatory molecules by pAPCs?
What triggers the expression of costimulatory molecules by pAPCs?
What is the primary function of phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) in T cell signaling?
What is the primary function of phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) in T cell signaling?
Which molecules trigger complete activation of T cells when interacting with CD28 on the T cell surface?
Which molecules trigger complete activation of T cells when interacting with CD28 on the T cell surface?
What is the estimated range of peptide:MHC-I complexes sufficient to activate CD8 T lymphocytes?
What is the estimated range of peptide:MHC-I complexes sufficient to activate CD8 T lymphocytes?
What triggers the activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in T cell signaling?
What triggers the activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in T cell signaling?
Which molecule is responsible for binding to the phosphorylated ITAMs of the ζ homodimer and subsequently phosphorylated by Lck in T cell signaling?
Which molecule is responsible for binding to the phosphorylated ITAMs of the ζ homodimer and subsequently phosphorylated by Lck in T cell signaling?
What is the role of phosphatidylinositol biphosphate (PIP2) cleavage in T cell signaling?
What is the role of phosphatidylinositol biphosphate (PIP2) cleavage in T cell signaling?
What is the estimated range of peptide:MHC-II complexes sufficient to activate CD4 T lymphocytes?
What is the estimated range of peptide:MHC-II complexes sufficient to activate CD4 T lymphocytes?
How many peptide:MHC-I complexes are estimated to be sufficient to activate CD8 T lymphocytes?
How many peptide:MHC-I complexes are estimated to be sufficient to activate CD8 T lymphocytes?
What is the role of the cytoplasmic domains of CD3 and the homodimer in T cell receptor signaling?
What is the role of the cytoplasmic domains of CD3 and the homodimer in T cell receptor signaling?
What triggers the activation of Fyn in T cell signaling?
What triggers the activation of Fyn in T cell signaling?
Which protein binds (docks to) the phosphorylated ITAMs of the homodimer in T cell signaling?
Which protein binds (docks to) the phosphorylated ITAMs of the homodimer in T cell signaling?
What is cleaved into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) in T cell signaling?
What is cleaved into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) in T cell signaling?
What is activated as a result of PKC- activation by DAG in T cell signaling?
What is activated as a result of PKC- activation by DAG in T cell signaling?
What results from Ca2+/calcineurin signaling by IP3 in T cell signaling?
What results from Ca2+/calcineurin signaling by IP3 in T cell signaling?
(NF-AT) undergoes nuclear translocation as a result of which signaling pathway in T cell signaling?
(NF-AT) undergoes nuclear translocation as a result of which signaling pathway in T cell signaling?
In which organ does the positive selection of thymocytes occur?
In which organ does the positive selection of thymocytes occur?
What is the primary role of professional antigen presenting cells (pAPCs) in the context of T lymphocyte activation?
What is the primary role of professional antigen presenting cells (pAPCs) in the context of T lymphocyte activation?
Which signaling molecules are required for the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) into becoming effector cells?
Which signaling molecules are required for the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) into becoming effector cells?
What is the purpose of MHC-II-restricted antigen presentation?
What is the purpose of MHC-II-restricted antigen presentation?
Where does the negative selection of thymocytes occur?
Where does the negative selection of thymocytes occur?
What is the main outcome of CD28-dependent costimulation in T cell activation?
What is the main outcome of CD28-dependent costimulation in T cell activation?
What is the main response if the pathogen is mainly found in vacuoles?
What is the main response if the pathogen is mainly found in vacuoles?
What is the outcome of IFN-γ released by TH1 cells if the infected cell is capable of microbicidal activity?
What is the outcome of IFN-γ released by TH1 cells if the infected cell is capable of microbicidal activity?
Which type of cells primarily control vacuolar pathogens without the intervention of CTLs?
Which type of cells primarily control vacuolar pathogens without the intervention of CTLs?
What is the function of TH1 help for the activation of infected cells in response to vacuolar pathogens?
What is the function of TH1 help for the activation of infected cells in response to vacuolar pathogens?
When TH1 cells provide CD40L and IFN-γ to macrophages, what is the outcome?
When TH1 cells provide CD40L and IFN-γ to macrophages, what is the outcome?
What cell type processes pathogen protein via MHC-II-restricted antigen presentation pathway to activate TH1 cells?
What cell type processes pathogen protein via MHC-II-restricted antigen presentation pathway to activate TH1 cells?
Which type of pathogens reside primarily in host cell vacuolar compartments such as endosomes?
Which type of pathogens reside primarily in host cell vacuolar compartments such as endosomes?
What do noncytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes do at the CTL/infected cell interface to control viruses?
What do noncytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes do at the CTL/infected cell interface to control viruses?
What does IFN-γ released by TH1 cells induce in cells capable of microbicidal activity?
What does IFN-γ released by TH1 cells induce in cells capable of microbicidal activity?
What do TH1 cells primarily set aside for immunological memory?
What do TH1 cells primarily set aside for immunological memory?
What is the main response if the pathogen is mainly found in the cytosol?
What is the main response if the pathogen is mainly found in the cytosol?
What is the main purpose of antigen presentation by macrophages in tissue?
What is the main purpose of antigen presentation by macrophages in tissue?
Which of the following best describes the function of CD8 T cells?
Which of the following best describes the function of CD8 T cells?
What is required for effective CD8+ T lymphocyte activation in response to intracellular pathogens?
What is required for effective CD8+ T lymphocyte activation in response to intracellular pathogens?
What is the main outcome of cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation?
What is the main outcome of cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation?
Why are intracellular pathogens better handled by a TH1 response that elicits predominantly a CTL response?
Why are intracellular pathogens better handled by a TH1 response that elicits predominantly a CTL response?
What leads to the lymphocytosis observed in viral infections?
What leads to the lymphocytosis observed in viral infections?
Which proteins are used by cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected cells?
Which proteins are used by cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected cells?
What enables clonally-expanded CTLs to search for and destroy infected cells in affected tissues?
What enables clonally-expanded CTLs to search for and destroy infected cells in affected tissues?
What is responsible for the death of infected cells by apoptosis?
What is responsible for the death of infected cells by apoptosis?
Which signaling molecules increase the efficiency of CTLs for effective response to intracellular pathogens?
Which signaling molecules increase the efficiency of CTLs for effective response to intracellular pathogens?
What is the function of TH1 responses in killing cells infected with cytosolic microorganisms?
What is the function of TH1 responses in killing cells infected with cytosolic microorganisms?
What triggers the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-AT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) in T cell signaling?
What triggers the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-AT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) in T cell signaling?
Which of the following is a primary mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of asthma and type I hypersensitivity?
Which of the following is a primary mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of asthma and type I hypersensitivity?
Which cytokines are primarily responsible for promoting B lymphocyte isotype-switching to IgE?
Which cytokines are primarily responsible for promoting B lymphocyte isotype-switching to IgE?
What is the main function of TREG cells?
What is the main function of TREG cells?
Which cells express high levels of PD-L1?
Which cells express high levels of PD-L1?
What is the primary function of TH2 responses?
What is the primary function of TH2 responses?
How do CTLs kill infected/transformed cells?
How do CTLs kill infected/transformed cells?
What are TH17 cells useful for?
What are TH17 cells useful for?
What cytokines do TFH cells secrete?
What cytokines do TFH cells secrete?
What ligands do TREG cells express?
What ligands do TREG cells express?
Which chemokine receptor do B lymphocytes down-regulate and then increase expression of, in order to migrate towards the T cell zone?
Which chemokine receptor do B lymphocytes down-regulate and then increase expression of, in order to migrate towards the T cell zone?
What drives germinal center formation and the generation of long-lived plasma cells?
What drives germinal center formation and the generation of long-lived plasma cells?
Which cytokines are involved in TH17 differentiation?
Which cytokines are involved in TH17 differentiation?
What is the primary consequence of a missing MHC-I molecule?
What is the primary consequence of a missing MHC-I molecule?
What cytokines are secreted by TFH cells to drive appropriate isotype-switching for the pathogen and its localization?
What cytokines are secreted by TFH cells to drive appropriate isotype-switching for the pathogen and its localization?
What stimulates fibroblasts and epithelial cells to recruit newly formed neutrophils to the site of infection?
What stimulates fibroblasts and epithelial cells to recruit newly formed neutrophils to the site of infection?
Where do extrafollicular T and B cells migrate back to, where the T cells become follicular helper T lymphocytes (TFH)?
Where do extrafollicular T and B cells migrate back to, where the T cells become follicular helper T lymphocytes (TFH)?
What is the primary function of high-affinity antibodies in the clearance of infection?
What is the primary function of high-affinity antibodies in the clearance of infection?
What is the primary role of TH17 cells in the immune response?
What is the primary role of TH17 cells in the immune response?
What cytokines are involved in driving isotype-switching appropriate for the pathogen and its localization by TFH cells?
What cytokines are involved in driving isotype-switching appropriate for the pathogen and its localization by TFH cells?
What drives antibody production by B lymphocytes in the periphery as part of the TH17 response?
What drives antibody production by B lymphocytes in the periphery as part of the TH17 response?
Which membrane-bound molecules on TFH cells drive germinal center formation and generation of long-lived plasma cells?
Which membrane-bound molecules on TFH cells drive germinal center formation and generation of long-lived plasma cells?
What is the primary function of memory T cells?
What is the primary function of memory T cells?
What is the outcome of the primary adaptive immune response in relation to memory T cells?
What is the outcome of the primary adaptive immune response in relation to memory T cells?
What distinguishes memory T cells from primary naïve lymphocytes?
What distinguishes memory T cells from primary naïve lymphocytes?
What is a characteristic of memory T lymphocytes in terms of abundance?
What is a characteristic of memory T lymphocytes in terms of abundance?
What is the significance of memory T cells' capacity to respond to specific antigen faster and better than naïve cells?
What is the significance of memory T cells' capacity to respond to specific antigen faster and better than naïve cells?
What is a key characteristic of memory T lymphocytes in terms of survival?
What is a key characteristic of memory T lymphocytes in terms of survival?
Which cells inhibit the activation of their naïve counterparts upon subsequent infection?
Which cells inhibit the activation of their naïve counterparts upon subsequent infection?
Which cells have already undergone isotype switching and somatic hypermutation?
Which cells have already undergone isotype switching and somatic hypermutation?
Which marker is a characteristic of memory T cells?
Which marker is a characteristic of memory T cells?
Which type of cells are the innate counterparts of TH1, TH2, and TH17 cells?
Which type of cells are the innate counterparts of TH1, TH2, and TH17 cells?
Which type of cells respond to MHC-I-like proteins and pathogen-derived ligands?
Which type of cells respond to MHC-I-like proteins and pathogen-derived ligands?
Which type of immune reaction primarily occurs in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs)?
Which type of immune reaction primarily occurs in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs)?
Which cell type is involved in innate immune responses to large extracellular pathogens like worms?
Which cell type is involved in innate immune responses to large extracellular pathogens like worms?
What is a main function of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
What is a main function of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
What is the primary site of adaptive immune response for blood infections?
What is the primary site of adaptive immune response for blood infections?
Which development relies on CD4 T lymphocyte help and IL-2 stimulation?
Which development relies on CD4 T lymphocyte help and IL-2 stimulation?
Which type of immune responses do ILC3s and TH17 lymphocytes respond to?
Which type of immune responses do ILC3s and TH17 lymphocytes respond to?
What is a main function of ILC1s?
What is a main function of ILC1s?
How many MHC-I genes are there in humans?
How many MHC-I genes are there in humans?
How many MHC-II genes are there in humans?
How many MHC-II genes are there in humans?
What does it mean for MHC expression to be co-dominant?
What does it mean for MHC expression to be co-dominant?
What is the genetic make-up-based method to calculate the number of MHC-I types a person possesses?
What is the genetic make-up-based method to calculate the number of MHC-I types a person possesses?
How polymorphic are MHC genes?
How polymorphic are MHC genes?
How many MHC-I types can be expressed on cells in theory?
How many MHC-I types can be expressed on cells in theory?
What is the average number of MHC-I types expressed on cells?
What is the average number of MHC-I types expressed on cells?
How many MHC-II types can be expressed on cells in theory?
How many MHC-II types can be expressed on cells in theory?
What is the average number of MHC-II types expressed on cells?
What is the average number of MHC-II types expressed on cells?
What is the location of human MHC genes?
What is the location of human MHC genes?
What do HLA genes encode for?
What do HLA genes encode for?
Which molecule is recognized by NKG2D homodimers on the surface of NK cells, signaling the NK cell to kill the cell it has docked to?
Which molecule is recognized by NKG2D homodimers on the surface of NK cells, signaling the NK cell to kill the cell it has docked to?
What is the primary function of NK cells in the context of antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
What is the primary function of NK cells in the context of antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
Which type of cells primarily control vacuolar pathogens without the intervention of CTLs?
Which type of cells primarily control vacuolar pathogens without the intervention of CTLs?
What is the function of natural killer T cells (NKT cells) in response to glycolipid antigen presentation by MHC-I-like molecules?
What is the function of natural killer T cells (NKT cells) in response to glycolipid antigen presentation by MHC-I-like molecules?
What is the main outcome of CD28-dependent costimulation in T cell activation?
What is the main outcome of CD28-dependent costimulation in T cell activation?
What is the primary role of professional antigen presenting cells (pAPCs) in the context of T lymphocyte activation?
What is the primary role of professional antigen presenting cells (pAPCs) in the context of T lymphocyte activation?
What drives germinal center formation and the generation of long-lived plasma cells?
What drives germinal center formation and the generation of long-lived plasma cells?
Which proteins form the CD3 signaling complex in the TCR?
Which proteins form the CD3 signaling complex in the TCR?
What is required in addition to MHC-restricted antigen presentation to achieve effector functions in T lymphocytes?
What is required in addition to MHC-restricted antigen presentation to achieve effector functions in T lymphocytes?
What protein binds to the transmembrane chaperone protein calnexin and the enzyme ERp57?
What protein binds to the transmembrane chaperone protein calnexin and the enzyme ERp57?
What differs superantigens from antigens?
What differs superantigens from antigens?
What is the primary difference between Type a IELs and CTLs?
What is the primary difference between Type a IELs and CTLs?
What is the role of NKG2D homodimers in Type a IELs and Type b IELs?
What is the role of NKG2D homodimers in Type a IELs and Type b IELs?
What is the unconventional co-receptor possessed by Type b IELs?
What is the unconventional co-receptor possessed by Type b IELs?
What is the function of superantigens in T cell activation?
What is the function of superantigens in T cell activation?
What is the consequence of superantigen activation of CD4+ lymphocytes?
What is the consequence of superantigen activation of CD4+ lymphocytes?
Which downstream events are expected to be known as part of TCR signaling?
Which downstream events are expected to be known as part of TCR signaling?
Why is a high-affinity IL-2R (CD25) required for T lymphocyte activation?
Why is a high-affinity IL-2R (CD25) required for T lymphocyte activation?
What happens if a T cell is presented antigen without co-stimulation?
What happens if a T cell is presented antigen without co-stimulation?
Why do CD8 T lymphocytes require CD4 T cell help for their activation?
Why do CD8 T lymphocytes require CD4 T cell help for their activation?
What is peripheral tolerance in the context of T lymphocytes?
What is peripheral tolerance in the context of T lymphocytes?
What are the three signals required for T lymphocyte activation?
What are the three signals required for T lymphocyte activation?
Which cells provide the activation signals required for T lymphocyte activation?
Which cells provide the activation signals required for T lymphocyte activation?
Study Notes
- Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) involves structures and functions of major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC class I & II)
- MHC class I & II: List genes, describe genetics, and nomenclature
- MHC class I & II: Describe mechanisms for peptide variability, processing, presentation pathways
- MHC class I: Antigen processing and presentation by cells like CD8 T lymphocytes, effects on infected or transformed cells
- MHC class II: Antigen processing and presentation by cells like CD4 T lymphocytes, role in regulating immune responses
- MHC-I & II: Discuss origin and source of peptides, antigen cross-presentation, superantigens, and non-classical MHC-I molecules
- T lymphocyte biology: List and describe various cells, their functions, and migration
- T lymphocytes: Recirculation, activation, proliferation, differentiation, cytokine involvement, TCR development, and signaling
- CD4 & CD8 T cells: Differentiate TCRs, clonal expansion, effector functions, and regulation
- Effector T cell populations: Contrast TH1, TH2, TH17, CTLs, TFH, and Treg, and their functions
- Regulation and termination of adaptive immune responses: Describe importance of memory T cells.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the peptide binding domains in MHC class II molecules, and the variations in peptide lengths and anchor residue preferences. Learn about the differences in peptide presentation between MHC class I and class II.
