MGT Chapter 12 Study Guide

Questions and Answers

Pay for performance allows different salaried employees to get different pay raises and other rewards.

True

Which guidelines should be followed when giving positive reinforcement? (Choose every correct answer.)

Give rewards as soon as possible (correct)

Administer punishment in private

Combine punishment and positive reinforcement

Be clear about what behavior is desired (correct)

Sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales in the form of a ______.

Stock option

Sales commission (correct)

Benefit

Bonus

Merilee is a seamstress in a garment factory, and she is paid $10 for each skirt she produces. What compensation plan does this describe?

Piece rate Signup and view all the answers

Elaine surpassed her sales goal and earned a small cash award for her strong performance. This is an example of a ______.

Bonus program Signup and view all the answers

What are three types of learning opportunities? (Choose every correct answer.)

Tuition reimbursement Signup and view all the answers

To be successful, an incentive compensation plan must be ______.

Measurable Signup and view all the answers

How does self-motivation fit into the career readiness model?

It is an attitude Signup and view all the answers

Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ______ pay.

Merit Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics should your long-term goal have? (Choose every correct answer.)

Measurable Signup and view all the answers

Louisa is a real estate salesperson. When she sells a house, she earns a sales ______ equal to 6 percent of the sales price of the house.

Commission Signup and view all the answers

The fact that research shows that 25% of workers are burned out, and 44% more are burned out occasionally suggests that workers are neglecting what?

Recharging each day Signup and view all the answers

Cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives are called ______.

Bonuses Signup and view all the answers

The economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, and knowledge is referred to as ______.

Human capital Signup and view all the answers

Which are elements of self-motivation in the career readiness model? (Choose every correct answer.)

Establishing good work habits Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in developing career readiness?

Identify your most important long-term goal Signup and view all the answers

What are the three tips for recharging yourself as part of your self-motivation approach? (Choose every correct answer.)

Accept kindness Signup and view all the answers

The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called ______.

Motivation Signup and view all the answers

Liu wants to better understand how to motivate employees at her company. Because she knows there is no single leading theory accepted by everyone on what motivates people, she looks into the top four perspectives: content, process, reinforcement, and ______.

Job design Signup and view all the answers

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called ______.

Needs Signup and view all the answers

Hillary knows she needs a full-time job so she can buy groceries and clothing for her three children. Which level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs does this describe?

Physiological Signup and view all the answers

How does McClelland view needs?

Needs are something we learn from our culture. Signup and view all the answers

Which statements about motivation are true? (Choose every correct answer.)

Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation. Signup and view all the answers

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by the three innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, is known as the ______ theory.

Self-determination Signup and view all the answers

Which are principal perspectives on motivation? (Choose every correct answer.)

Process Signup and view all the answers

A survey showed that while most employees were pleased with the company's advancement opportunities and merit system, they were dissatisfied with factors such as pay scale and sharing an office with someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation?

Two-factor theory Signup and view all the answers

What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives? (Choose every correct answer.)

McClelland's acquired needs theory Signup and view all the answers

Which perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act?

Process perspectives Signup and view all the answers

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs is ______ theory.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs Signup and view all the answers

The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called ______.

McClelland's acquired needs theory Signup and view all the answers

According to self-determination theory, people's behavior and well-being are influenced by what three innate needs?

Competence, autonomy, and relatedness Signup and view all the answers

Which theory proposes that work satisfaction originates from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors?

Herzberg's two-factor theory Signup and view all the answers

Equity theory is focused on explaining how people work to achieve which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)

Fairness Signup and view all the answers

Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives? (Choose every correct answer.)

Expectancy theory Signup and view all the answers

What area of equity theory is concerned with the extent to which people believe they are being treated fairly at work?

Organizational justice Signup and view all the answers

The model of motivation called equity theory is based on which of the following ideas?

Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance. Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation? (Choose every correct answer.)

Performance to outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific and challenging but achievable and that have rewards tailored to individual needs?

Goal-setting theory Signup and view all the answers

According to equity theory, which of the following would be characterized as inputs? (Choose every correct answer.)

Training Signup and view all the answers

What is the modern way of designing jobs?

Fitting jobs to people Signup and view all the answers

What types of justice are the components of organizational justice? (Choose every correct answer.)

Interactional Signup and view all the answers

What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation?

Expectancy Signup and view all the answers

Scientific ______ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.

Management Signup and view all the answers

What are characteristics of motivating goals according to goal-setting theory? (Choose every correct answer.)

Specific Signup and view all the answers

In equity theory, the education, experience, and skills that individuals contribute to their organizations are examples of ______.

Inputs Signup and view all the answers

The concept of fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas? (Choose every correct answer.)

Employees are underutilized. Signup and view all the answers

Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job ______.

Design Signup and view all the answers

What area of equity theory is concerned with the extent to which people believe they are being treated fairly at work?

Organizational justice Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major elements of Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model? (Choose every correct answer.)

Work outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What does the technique called scientific management seek to do? (Choose every correct answer.)

Raise employee productivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are core job characteristics in the Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model? (Choose every correct answer.)

Task significance Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific and challenging but achievable and that have rewards tailored to individual needs?

Goal-setting theory Signup and view all the answers

According to the job characteristics model, the extent to which a job requires the job holder to use a wide range of different talents and abilities is known as ______.

Skill variety Signup and view all the answers

What are the two means by which jobs are fitted to people? (Choose every correct answer.)

Job enrichment Signup and view all the answers

What is the modern way of designing jobs?

Fitting jobs to people Signup and view all the answers

What are the three critical psychological states identified by the job characteristics model? (Choose every correct answer.)

Meaningfulness of work Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following focuses on five core job characteristics that affect the psychological states of an employee, which in turn affect work outcomes?

Job characteristics model Signup and view all the answers

What Tamika loves about her job is that every day brings new challenges, and she can use different talents and abilities to complete her job tasks. This is an example of which core job characteristic?

Skill variety Signup and view all the answers

The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior ______.

Modification Signup and view all the answers

The concept of fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas? (Choose every correct answer.)

Employees want more responsibility, challenges, and variety. Signup and view all the answers

Contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want ______.

Personal and psychological development Signup and view all the answers

Anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited is known as ______.

Reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Money is the best motivator.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans? (Choose every correct answer.)

They are agreed on by both employees and managers. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation Concepts

Motivation encompasses psychological processes that initiate and direct goal-oriented behavior.
Key motivational perspectives include content theory, process theory, reinforcement theory, and job design.

Needs and Hierarchy

Physiological and psychological deficiencies that stimulate behavior are identified as needs.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs categorizes needs into physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization levels, with physiological needs being foundational.

McClelland's Theory

McClelland proposed that needs are learned from culture, emphasizing achievement, affiliation, and power as major workplace motivators.

Understanding Motivation

Motivation can be inferred from behavior and is influenced by various contextual and personal factors.
The self-determination theory posits that fulfillment stems from innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

Perspectives on Motivation

Process perspectives focus on how thought processes lead to decisions on actions.
Content perspectives address what motivates individuals, including Maslow’s hierarchy and Herzberg's two-factor theory.

The Two-Factor Theory

Herzberg's two-factor theory differentiates between motivators, which lead to satisfaction, and hygiene factors, which can cause dissatisfaction.

Equity Theory

Equity theory emphasizes fairness in workplace treatment, with inputs (e.g., skills, experience) compared against outputs (e.g., pay, recognition).
Organizational justice relates to perceived fairness in work treatment.

Job Characteristics Model

The job characteristics model by Hackman and Oldham identifies core job characteristics affecting psychological states and work outcomes, including skill variety, task significance, and autonomy.
Motivating goals should be challenging, specific, and achievable per goal-setting theory.

Reinforcement Theory

Reinforcement influences behavior, with principles of positive and negative reinforcement shaping employee actions.
Behavior modification is the application of these reinforcement principles to change behavior in the workplace.

Compensation and Incentives

Pay-for-performance systems, including merit and piece rate pay, reward employees based on their results and productivity.
The effectiveness of incentive compensation plans hinges on clarity, agreement between employees and managers, and measurable outcomes.

Learning and Development

Learning opportunities for skill enhancement can encompass studying co-workers, participating in development programs, and tuition reimbursement initiatives.

Key Takeaways

Job design should adapt to fit people, promoting responsibilities, challenges, and variety.
Creating motivating work environments requires a comprehensive understanding of different motivational theories and their applications in the workplace.### Career Readiness and Self-Motivation
Self-motivation is classified as an attitude within the career readiness model.
Core characteristics of self-motivation include consistent personal development, good work habits, and a focus on organizational goals.

Pay Structures

"Pay for performance" models are known as merit pay, rewarding employees based on their results.

Long-Term Goals

Effective long-term goals should be results-oriented, attainable, and measurable, helping to ensure clarity and focus.

Sales Compensation

Real estate salespeople earn a commission; Louisa's commission is 6% of the sales price of each house sold.

Employee Well-Being

A significant percentage (25%) of workers face burnout, indicating a neglect in daily recharging routines essential for maintaining motivation and productivity.

Performance Rewards

Bonuses are cash awards for employees who achieve specific performance objectives and serve as financial incentives for excellence.

Human Capital

The term "human capital" describes the economic value of employees' experiences, actions, and knowledge within an organization.

Steps to Career Readiness

Identifying the most important long-term goal is the first step in developing career readiness, guiding subsequent planning and actions.

Tips for Self-Recharging

Recharging strategies include recognizing the best ways to recharge, accepting kindness from others, and engaging in mental and physical relaxation techniques.

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Description

Test your knowledge of motivation in management with this study guide for Chapter 12. This quiz covers key concepts and theories that drive goal-directed behavior in organizational settings. Perfect for students seeking to enhance their understanding of motivational strategies.