CBAR101: Motivation Theories in Business
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of motivation in the workplace?

  • To establish team dynamics
  • To enhance employee skills
  • To drive employee performance (correct)
  • To reduce employee turnover

Which factor does not directly influence job performance according to the presented theories?

  • Motivation
  • Employee behavior
  • Job satisfaction (correct)
  • Ability

Which type of motivation is driven by internal desires to achieve tasks?

  • Extrinsic Motivation
  • Reciprocal Motivation
  • Intrinsic Motivation (correct)
  • Transactional Motivation

What is the consequence of fairness perceptions in the workplace?

<p>Improvement in motivational levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not classify as a basic need of employees?

<p>Financial profit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motivation is primarily driven by personal enjoyment and accomplishment?

<p>Intrinsic Motivation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of process-based motivational theories?

<p>Cognitive processes and perceptions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which level addresses the need for protection from harm?

<p>Safety/Security Needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which motivational theory emphasizes the impact of consequences on behavior?

<p>Reinforcement Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In motivation theories, what role do external rewards such as salary and promotions play?

<p>They are part of extrinsic motivation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of motivation does Equity Theory primarily focus on?

<p>Fairness and balance in social exchanges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of need described in Maslow's Hierarchy?

<p>Psychological Needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which motivational theory involves understanding an individual's need to achieve, be affiliated, or have power?

<p>McClelland’s Acquired-Needs Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the ERG theory in contrast to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

<p>It suggests that needs are not ranked and can be active simultaneously. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a hygiene factor in Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory?

<p>Work environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, what happens when individuals face frustration in satisfying a particular need?

<p>They may regress to previously fulfilled needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of needs is characterized as the need for respect, recognition, and status?

<p>Esteem needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, which of the following factors is considered a true motivator?

<p>Opportunities for achievement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

<p>Higher-level needs become motivating when lower-level needs are met. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which need is categorized under 'Relatedness' in Alderfer’s ERG theory?

<p>Belongingness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of Herzberg’s hygiene factors makes them important to managers?

<p>They prevent dissatisfaction in the workplace. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of justice focuses on the fairness of how rewards are distributed?

<p>Distributive Justice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Need-Based Theories are primarily centered on what aspect?

<p>Satisfying individual needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of expectancy theory represents the belief that effort will lead to effective performance?

<p>Expectancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Process-Based Theories emphasize in motivation?

<p>Fairness, thought processes, and rewards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In reinforcement theory, what is the purpose of positive reinforcement?

<p>To reward good behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of Need-Based Theory?

<p>Equity Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of justice deals with the fairness of decisions and processes?

<p>Procedural Justice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the value placed on the rewards in expectancy theory?

<p>Valence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of Equity Theory within Process-Based Theories?

<p>Fairness in social exchanges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of reinforcement removes negative outcomes when good behavior is displayed?

<p>Negative Reinforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is included in both Need-Based and Process-Based Theories?

<p>Motivational rewards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

HR managers would utilize Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory primarily to address which area?

<p>Job enrichment and satisfaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome when all three factors of expectancy theory (Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valence) are high?

<p>Strong motivation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement schedule rewards good behavior every time it occurs?

<p>Continuous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Expectancy Theory is concerned with which of the following aspects of motivation?

<p>The relationship between effort, performance, and outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that individual needs are arranged in a hierarchy?

<p>Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main needs identified in McClelland's Acquired-Needs Theory?

<p>Need for Achievement, Need for Affiliation, Need for Power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of job is most suited for an individual with a high need for achievement?

<p>Sales and entrepreneurship (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Equity Theory primarily focus on?

<p>The fairness in input-output comparisons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of fairness in motivating behavior according to Equity Theory?

<p>Fairness motivates individuals to work harder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically a response to perceived unfairness in a workplace according to Equity Theory?

<p>Change referents and compare with different individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories examines fairness in distribution, processes, and treatment?

<p>Justice Theories (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to McClelland, individuals who enjoy teamwork and social interaction typically have a high need for what?

<p>Affiliation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Expectancy Theory suggest regarding effort and performance?

<p>Effort leads to performance, which is then associated with rewards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Motivation in Employee Performance

Motivation is the internal desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level, which drives employee behavior and performance.

Factors for Job Performance

Job performance depends on three key factors: motivation, ability, and environment (not explicitly stated in the provided text, but inferred from the broader concept of job performance).

Intrinsic Motivation

(Implied) Motivation arising from internal factors, satisfaction, and enjoyment of the task itself.

Extrinsic Motivation

(Implied) Motivation stemming from external factors such as rewards or punishments.

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Need-Based Motivational Theories

(Implied) Motivational theories that focus on understanding employee needs as the driving force behind behaviors.

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Motivation from Environment

External factors that drive behavior, such as rewards and recognition.

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Motivation from Within

Internal factors that drive behavior, such as personal satisfaction from accomplishments.

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Maslow's Hierarchy

A theory of motivation that suggests people are motivated by fulfilling a hierarchy of needs from basic survival to self-actualization.

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Physiological Needs

Basic needs for survival, such as food, water, and shelter.

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Safety Needs

Needs for security and protection from harm.

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Process Motivational Theories

Motivational theories that focus on cognitive processes and perceptions of fairness. How people think impacts their motivation.

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Reinforcement Theory

Motivational theory focused on how consequences shape behavior (rewards or penalties).

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Self-Actualization

The highest level of Maslow's hierarchy, where individuals strive to achieve their full potential and live meaningful lives.

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ERG Theory

A simplified version of Maslow's hierarchy with three needs: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth. It's more flexible and allows for multiple needs to be active simultaneously.

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Frustration-Regression

When individuals are blocked from satisfying a higher-level need, they may regress to lower-level needs.

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Hygiene Factors

Factors in the work environment that prevent dissatisfaction but don't motivate employees on their own.

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Motivators

Factors intrinsic to the job itself that motivate employees and increase job satisfaction.

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Herzberg's Two-Factor

A theory that separates factors that prevent dissatisfaction (hygiene) from those that motivate (motivators)

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Motivation

The internal force that drives individuals to achieve a goal or perform a certain way.

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Acquired-Needs Theory

This theory suggests that people develop three main needs: achievement, affiliation, and power, which are learned through life experiences.

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Need for Achievement (nAch)

A desire to excel and meet challenging goals, often leading individuals to seek roles that offer growth and recognition.

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Need for Affiliation (nAff)

A desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships, individuals with a high nAff thrive in collaborative settings.

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Need for Power (nPow)

A desire to influence others and control resources, indicating a preference for positions that offer authority and leadership.

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Equity Theory

People compare their effort and reward (inputs and outputs) with others to judge fairness, and motivated to work harder when there's perceived fairness.

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Justice Theories

These theories emphasize the importance of fairness in three areas: distribution, processes, and treatment. A sense of justice contributes to employee well-being and reduces stress.

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Distributive Justice

Fairness in how rewards are distributed. Focuses on outcomes and whether people feel they are being treated fairly.

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Procedural Justice

Fairness in the decision-making process. It focuses on how the decision was made, ensuring transparency and unbiasedness.

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Interactional Justice

Fairness in how people are treated during interactions. It emphasizes respect, dignity, and ethical treatment.

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Expectancy

Belief that effort will lead to good performance. 'If I put in the effort, can I do the task well?'

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Instrumentality

Belief that good performance will result in rewards or desired outcomes. 'What is in it for me if I perform well?'

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Valence

Value placed on the rewards. 'Do I care about the reward?'

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Positive Reinforcement

Rewarding good behavior. This increases the likelihood of the behavior happening again.

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Negative Reinforcement

Removing a negative outcome when good behavior is shown. This also increases the likelihood of the behavior happening again.

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Need-Based Theories

Motivational theories that focus on satisfying individual needs to drive behavior.

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Process-Based Theories

Motivational theories that emphasize fairness, thought processes, and rewards in influencing behavior.

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Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory

Proposes two sets of factors that influence job satisfaction: Hygiene factors (preventing dissatisfaction) and Motivators (increasing satisfaction).

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McClelland's Acquired-Needs Theory

Suggests people develop three needs over time: Achievement (desire to excel), Affiliation (desire for relationships), and Power (desire to influence others).

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Expectancy Theory

Individuals will be motivated if they believe their efforts will lead to desired outcomes and if they value those outcomes.

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Study Notes

CBAR101: Fundamentals of Business - Theories of Motivation

  • Motivation is the driving force behind employee behavior and performance.
  • Essential for managers to understand how to motivate different individuals.
  • Job performance depends on three factors: motivation, ability, and environment.

Topics and Objectives

  • Job Performance and Motivation: The role of motivation in employee performance is examined.
  • Need-Based Motivational Theories: Understanding and classifying basic employee needs are addressed.
  • Process-Based Motivational Theories: Describing how fairness perceptions are determined and the consequences of these perceptions is included, focusing on cognitive processes and perceptions of fairness.
  • Reinforcement Theory: This focuses on the impact of consequences on shaping employee behavior.

Theories of Motivation

  • Need-Based Theories: These focus on satisfying individual needs.

    • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: A hierarchical five-level model of needs, starting with physiological needs and culminating in self-actualization. Lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs motivate individuals.
    • ERG Theory: A simpler three-category model (existence, relatedness, and growth) to Maslow's. ERG theory allows for multiple needs to be active simultaneously, and frustration in one area can cause a return to another in the hierarchy.
    • Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory: Differentiates between 'hygiene' factors (preventing dissatisfaction) and 'motivators' (intrinsic to the job).
    • McClelland's Acquired-Needs Theory: Three learned needs (achievement, affiliation, and power) that affect work behavior, including the identification of these needs through measurement instruments.

  • Process-Based Theories: Focus on fairness, thought processes, and rewards.

    • Equity Theory: People compare their inputs and outcomes (efforts and rewards) to those of others, and unfairness demotivates. Responses to perceived unfairness include reducing inputs, increasing outcomes, changing referents, or leaving the situation.
    • Justice Theories: Focuses on fairness in distribution, processes, and the treatment of employees—distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Fair treatment in all aspects motivates employees to work harder.
    • Expectancy Theory: Motivation is a result of three cognitive evaluations (expectancy, instrumentality, and valence). High motivation results from a strong belief that effort will lead to high performance, high performance produces reward, and the reward is valued. Low values in any one factor decrease motivation.

  • Reinforcement Theory: Behavior is shaped by its consequences (rewards and punishments). Positive and negative reinforcements are distinguished from punishment and extinction. Various reinforcement schedules have different effects (continuous, fixed-ratio, variable-ratio).

Summary

  • Motivation is complex, influenced by various theories, including need-based (focused on satisfying individual needs) and process-based (focused on fairness).

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CBAR101 Fundamentals of Business: Theories of Motivation PDF

Description

Explore the essential theories of motivation that drive employee performance in the workplace. This quiz covers need-based and process-based motivational theories, as well as reinforcement theory, providing insights for effective management. Understand how to motivate individuals by considering various factors that influence their performance.

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