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Peasants became independent of state agencies under Cárdenas.
Peasants became independent of state agencies under Cárdenas.
False
The ejido system allows community members to own the land.
The ejido system allows community members to own the land.
False
By 1940, the government shifted focus towards small private properties.
By 1940, the government shifted focus towards small private properties.
False
The labor movement gained momentum under Cárdenas, resulting in numerous strikes.
The labor movement gained momentum under Cárdenas, resulting in numerous strikes.
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Mexico's economy heavily relied on foreign investments while denouncing colonialism and multinational corporations.
Mexico's economy heavily relied on foreign investments while denouncing colonialism and multinational corporations.
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Cárdenas completely disregarded labor interests in favor of private enterprise.
Cárdenas completely disregarded labor interests in favor of private enterprise.
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The Confederación de Trabajadores Mexicanos (CTM) was founded to align labor interests with the government.
The Confederación de Trabajadores Mexicanos (CTM) was founded to align labor interests with the government.
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By 1976, Mexico's trade deficit led to a devaluation of the peso by 40%.
By 1976, Mexico's trade deficit led to a devaluation of the peso by 40%.
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The PRI maintained its political power solely through electoral fraud.
The PRI maintained its political power solely through electoral fraud.
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The Nacional Financiera was established to support public welfare projects and make industrial loans.
The Nacional Financiera was established to support public welfare projects and make industrial loans.
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Structural flaws in labor reforms led to increased union independence.
Structural flaws in labor reforms led to increased union independence.
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The economic policies under López Portillo capitalized on declining oil prices.
The economic policies under López Portillo capitalized on declining oil prices.
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Mexico's foreign debt increased due to a reliance on loans for oil production.
Mexico's foreign debt increased due to a reliance on loans for oil production.
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Miguel de la Madrid's economic policies included reducing fuel prices and promoting equality.
Miguel de la Madrid's economic policies included reducing fuel prices and promoting equality.
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Carlos Salinas de Gortari's privatization efforts favored state-owned enterprises over foreign investments.
Carlos Salinas de Gortari's privatization efforts favored state-owned enterprises over foreign investments.
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Mexico joined GATT in 1986 and later embraced a more export-driven economy.
Mexico joined GATT in 1986 and later embraced a more export-driven economy.
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Díaz disregarded the Reforma anticlerical policies to gain support from the church and military.
Díaz disregarded the Reforma anticlerical policies to gain support from the church and military.
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The Ley de Deslindes allowed real estate companies to keep all of the public lands they surveyed.
The Ley de Deslindes allowed real estate companies to keep all of the public lands they surveyed.
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The Cientificos consisted of only military leaders and were not involved in Díaz's advisory.
The Cientificos consisted of only military leaders and were not involved in Díaz's advisory.
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By 1910, over 90% of communal lands were retained by indigenous communities in central Mexico.
By 1910, over 90% of communal lands were retained by indigenous communities in central Mexico.
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The Soviet Union agreed to remove its missiles from Cuba after a compromise was reached with the United States.
The Soviet Union agreed to remove its missiles from Cuba after a compromise was reached with the United States.
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Agricultural practices in the haciendas were modern and efficient, leading to increased food production.
Agricultural practices in the haciendas were modern and efficient, leading to increased food production.
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The first Law of Agrarian Reform was enacted in July 1960.
The first Law of Agrarian Reform was enacted in July 1960.
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The economic policies during Díaz's regime benefited primarily local producers and farmers.
The economic policies during Díaz's regime benefited primarily local producers and farmers.
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Forced labor and debt peonage characterized the conditions faced by agricultural workers during Díaz's rule.
Forced labor and debt peonage characterized the conditions faced by agricultural workers during Díaz's rule.
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The Cuban Revolution faced challenges primarily due to successful socialist reorientation.
The Cuban Revolution faced challenges primarily due to successful socialist reorientation.
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By the late 19th century, the per capita production of staples like maize and beans was increasing due to favorable weather conditions.
By the late 19th century, the per capita production of staples like maize and beans was increasing due to favorable weather conditions.
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Government rationing in Cuba began in March 1965.
Government rationing in Cuba began in March 1965.
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The Cuban government sought to diversify its agriculture by using cane land for other crops.
The Cuban government sought to diversify its agriculture by using cane land for other crops.
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The National Association of Small Farmers was created to hinder coordination between small farms and national goals.
The National Association of Small Farmers was created to hinder coordination between small farms and national goals.
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Cuba's agricultural problems were exacerbated by the government's ability to effectively organize and administer the economy.
Cuba's agricultural problems were exacerbated by the government's ability to effectively organize and administer the economy.
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Cuba lacked the resources and expertise for rapid industrialization post-revolution.
Cuba lacked the resources and expertise for rapid industrialization post-revolution.
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The maquiladora system in Mexico increased women's waged employment from 17.6% to 50% from 1970 to 1993.
The maquiladora system in Mexico increased women's waged employment from 17.6% to 50% from 1970 to 1993.
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By 1998, over 2,000 maquiladoras employed more than 600,000 workers, most of whom were men.
By 1998, over 2,000 maquiladoras employed more than 600,000 workers, most of whom were men.
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NAFTA was approved in 1993 and aimed to remove tariffs between Canada, the U.S., and Mexico.
NAFTA was approved in 1993 and aimed to remove tariffs between Canada, the U.S., and Mexico.
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The reforms to Article 27 of the Mexican constitution allowed ejido land to be communally farmed without restrictions.
The reforms to Article 27 of the Mexican constitution allowed ejido land to be communally farmed without restrictions.
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40% of women working in maquiladoras earned less than the minimum wage.
40% of women working in maquiladoras earned less than the minimum wage.
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The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) protested against neoliberalism and the PRI starting on January 1, 1993.
The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) protested against neoliberalism and the PRI starting on January 1, 1993.
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Many displaced farmers migrated to U.S. industries due to the effects of NAFTA on Mexican agriculture.
Many displaced farmers migrated to U.S. industries due to the effects of NAFTA on Mexican agriculture.
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The tactics used in the maquiladora system fostered labor solidarity through community events and support.
The tactics used in the maquiladora system fostered labor solidarity through community events and support.
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The U.S. investment in Cuban sugar by 1913 accounted for nearly one-tenth of the total U.S. investment in Latin America.
The U.S. investment in Cuban sugar by 1913 accounted for nearly one-tenth of the total U.S. investment in Latin America.
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The end of Spanish rule in Cuba created an environment conducive to the development of the latifundio system.
The end of Spanish rule in Cuba created an environment conducive to the development of the latifundio system.
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Tomás Estrada Palma was known for promoting policies that favored independent farmers and small mills in Cuba.
Tomás Estrada Palma was known for promoting policies that favored independent farmers and small mills in Cuba.
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By 1913, U.S. companies had invested more than $300 million in Cuban sugar.
By 1913, U.S. companies had invested more than $300 million in Cuban sugar.
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The Cuban Labor Crisis led to a labor shortage primarily because displaced farmers had limited employment options during the harvest season.
The Cuban Labor Crisis led to a labor shortage primarily because displaced farmers had limited employment options during the harvest season.
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Charles Magoon's provisional government was known for its equitable distribution of patronage among different Cuban groups.
Charles Magoon's provisional government was known for its equitable distribution of patronage among different Cuban groups.
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The U.S. occupation of Cuba had no significant impact on its political life.
The U.S. occupation of Cuba had no significant impact on its political life.
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The proportion of Afro-Cubans in the population was reduced to less than 30% due to the immigration policy of 'whitening' implemented during Magoon's government.
The proportion of Afro-Cubans in the population was reduced to less than 30% due to the immigration policy of 'whitening' implemented during Magoon's government.
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Study Notes
Mexico: Decolonization and National Identities (1821-1870)
- Latin America, post-independence, did not experience the promised prosperity and order
- Civil strife and disillusionment among leaders like Simón Bolívar marked the period
- The contrast in development between Latin America and the U.S. fuelled pessimism among Latin American leaders
- Early hopes of economic and social change after independence were unmet
- Colonial economic structures persisted, with haciendas dominating agriculture
- The landed aristocracy's power grew, weakening other elites like merchants and the church
- Military influence increased, with military leaders often aligning with conservative landowner interests
Cuba: Decolonization and National Identities (19th Century)
- Cuba's development differed significantly from other Latin American countries due to its colonial past
- The island primarily served as a stopover for Spanish treasure fleets
- Monoculture of sugar dominated Cuban economic life, with enslaved Africans playing a crucial role in production
- By 1860s-1880s, the island was the world's leading producer of sugar
- Cuban independence movements arose
- These movements reflected the desire for racial equality
- The struggles against Spanish Colonialism led to significant racial and social conflict
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Description
This quiz explores the themes of decolonization and national identities in Mexico and Cuba from 1821 to the 19th century. It discusses the economic, social, and political challenges faced during this period, highlighting civil strife, aristocratic power, and military influence. Test your knowledge on how colonial legacies shaped the development of these nations post-independence.
