Questions and Answers
What is the most likely reason Europe did not invest in education in its African colonies?
Educated citizens would be harder to control.
Which major change took place in Nigeria in 1999?
A civilian president was elected.
What was a major contributor to unrest in Nigeria?
Its many ethnicities and religions.
The first African country to achieve independence was?
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The large number of casualties in the Nigerian civil war can be attributed to?
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What was the first step in Ghana's independence?
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Jomo Kenyatta caused discontent during his rule in Kenya by?
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Europeans ignored cultural divisions when setting colonial boundaries because?
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Another name for the Organization of African Unity is the?
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What type of government did European settlers create in South Africa in 1909?
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Based on the pie chart, apartheid restricted the rights of about?
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After returning to South Africa from Algeria in 1964, Nelson Mandela was?
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The United States and Europe put pressure on South Africa in the form of?
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In the early 1900s, European settlers in South Africa created?
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What were the economic consequences of apartheid in South Africa? Check all that apply.
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Which list correctly orders events in the rise and fall of apartheid in South Africa?
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South Africa's Population Registration Act of 1950?
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How did Nelson Mandela expand his anti-government activities in the 1960s?
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Which directly led to the first armed conflict between Arabs and Israelis?
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A subject some nations disagree on regarding Palestinians is whether they should?
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Which countries attacked Israel during the Yom Kippur War in 1973?
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The US helped to negotiate a peace agreement in 1979 between Israel and?
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How did the Balfour Declaration contribute to tension between Jews and Arabs?
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A result of the Arab-Israeli War during 1948-1949 was that?
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Which tactic did Palestinians use against Israel in 1987?
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How did the Holocaust affect support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine?
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Which best explains how Yasir Arafat strengthened the case for Palestinian independence?
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Which best explains how the division of Palestine in 1947 led to conflict between Jews and Arabs?
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In the 1970s, the shah of Iran was?
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What was an effect of the Arab Spring movement in Libya?
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How did Mustafa Kemal differ from Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud?
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Islamic clerics criticized the shah of Iran because they?
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In the 1940s and 1950s, pan-Arabism grew in the Middle East in response to?
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Why did Western nations become interested in Saudi Arabia during the twentieth century?
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The Arab League was an organization established in 1945 to?
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Which statement best describes Hamas?
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How did Iran change under Ayatollah Khomeini?
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What was one reform that helped transform Turkey in the 1920s?
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At the end of the Persian Gulf War, what did Iraq agree to do? Check all that apply.
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By attacking the USS Cole, al-Qaeda ultimately aimed to?
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The Taliban remained in power in Afghanistan until?
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_________ rose to power by restoring order in Afghanistan after the war with the Soviet Union.
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Why did Saddam Hussein use weapons of mass destruction against Kurdish people and Shiite Muslims?
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Why did Saudi Arabia fear an Iraqi invasion?
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What was the source of al-Qaeda's hostility toward the West?
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How did al-Qaeda get its start?
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Why was the US invasion of Iraq controversial?
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The Department of Homeland Security was created to?
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Study Notes
Colonial Education in Africa
- European powers avoided investing in education in African colonies to maintain control over uneducated populations.
Benefits to European Nations
- European nations profited economically and politically from their African colonies through exploitation of resources and manpower.
Nigeria's Political Change
- In 1999, Nigeria transitioned to civilian rule with the election of a civilian president after years of military dictatorship.
Ethnic and Religious Unrest in Nigeria
- Nigeria experiences unrest primarily due to its diverse ethnic groups and religions, leading to conflicts and tensions.
First African Independence
- Ghana was the first African country to gain independence from colonial rule.
Nigerian Civil War Casualties
- The Nigerian Civil War resulted in numerous casualties due to the involvement of multiple factions.
Ghana's Path to Independence
- Ghana's journey to independence commenced with Africans achieving a parliamentary majority.
Jomo Kenyatta's Favoritism
- Jomo Kenyatta's favoritism towards the Kikuyu people during his rule led to dissatisfaction among other ethnic groups in Kenya.
Colonial Boundary Decisions
- European colonial powers often disregarded African cultural divisions when creating territorial boundaries, prioritizing control over local interests.
Organization of African Unity
- The Organization of African Unity is also known as the African Union, established to promote unity and cooperation among African nations.
Segregation in South Africa
- In 1909, European settlers in South Africa instituted a parliamentary government that excluded the majority of citizens from participation.
Apartheid and Population
- Under apartheid regulations, approximately 80% of South Africa's population faced restricted rights and segregation.
Nelson Mandela's Imprisonment
- Nelson Mandela was arrested and imprisoned shortly after returning to South Africa from Algeria in 1964 to continue his anti-apartheid activism.
External Pressure on South Africa
- The United States and European nations imposed sanctions on South Africa to pressure the government to end apartheid.
Segregation System in South Africa
- European settlers established a systematic segregation that divided society in South Africa, laying the groundwork for apartheid.
Economic Consequences of Apartheid
- Citizens categorized as Black experienced low living standards, banned property ownership, and a stagnant economy due to apartheid policies.
Timeline of Apartheid Events
- Key events include the signing of the Population Registration Act, the Soweto Uprising, reforms by Frederik W. de Klerk, and Nelson Mandela’s ascent to the presidency.
Population Registration Act of 1950
- The act established a classification system based on race, solidifying apartheid's institutional framework.
Mandela's Activism Strategy
- Nelson Mandela expanded his resistance efforts in the 1960s by forming a division focused on sabotage against the apartheid government.
Arab-Israeli Conflict Origins
- The declaration of Israel's statehood in 1948 triggered the first armed conflict between Arabs and Israelis.
Palestinian UN Membership Debate
- Disagreements exist among nations regarding Palestinian membership in the United Nations.
Yom Kippur War Aggressors
- Egypt and Syria launched attacks against Israel during the Yom Kippur War in 1973.
US-Egypt Peace Agreement
- A peace agreement between Israel and Egypt was negotiated by the United States in 1979.
Balfour Declaration Impact
- The Balfour Declaration supported the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, escalating tensions with Arabs.
1948-1949 Arab-Israeli War Outcome
- The war resulted in the displacement of thousands of Palestinians, creating a refugee crisis.
Palestinian Tactics in 1987
- An intifada, or uprising, was a tactic used by Palestinians against Israeli rule in 1987.
Holocaust's Influence on Jewish Support
- The Holocaust significantly increased international support for establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Yasir Arafat's Role
- Yasir Arafat advocated for Palestinian independence by decreasing anti-Israeli violence and engaging constructively with the Israeli government.
1947 Palestine Division Conflict
- The division of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states fueled Arab perceptions of land appropriation by Jews, exacerbating conflict.
Shah of Iran's Downfall
- The shah of Iran was overthrown and exiled in the late 1970s amid growing dissatisfaction with his rule.
Arab Spring in Libya
- The Arab Spring initiated an armed insurrection in Libya, leading to the overthrow and death of Moammar Gadhafi.
Mustafa Kemal's Reforms
- Mustafa Kemal modernized Turkey, while Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud focused on maintaining traditional values in Saudi Arabia.
Criticism of the Shah's Policies
- Islamic clerics opposed the shah's Westernization efforts, which conflicted with traditional Islamic values.
Rise of Pan-Arabism
- Pan-Arabism gained traction in the Middle East during the 1940s and 1950s as a response to increasing Western influence.
Saudi Arabia's Oil Discovery
- The discovery of oil on the Arabian peninsula drew significant attention from Western nations in the 20th century.
Establishment of the Arab League
- The Arab League was founded in 1945 to unify political objectives among Arab nations.
Hamas Organization Overview
- Hamas is recognized as a Palestinian group opposing Israeli governance and policies in Palestine.
Changes Under Ayatollah Khomeini
- Iran saw a shift to a system where religious leaders dictated national policies following Ayatollah Khomeini's rise to power.
Women's Rights Reform in Turkey
- In the 1920s, Turkey granted women the right to vote, representing a major reform in gender equality.
Post-Gulf War Iraq Agreements
- After the Persian Gulf War, Iraq agreed to eliminate long-range missiles and acknowledge Kuwait's independence.
al-Qaeda's Attacks on the US
- By targeting the USS Cole, al-Qaeda aimed to transmit a violent message to the United States regarding its foreign policies.
Taliban's Control Timeline
- The Taliban controlled Afghanistan until 2001, following their rise to power post-Soviet invasion.
Taliban's Rise from Chaos
- The Taliban rose to power in Afghanistan by restoring order after internal conflict following the Soviet withdrawal.
Saddam Hussein's Use of Weapons
- Saddam Hussein deployed weapons of mass destruction against Kurdish and Shiite groups that rebelled against his regime.
Saudi Concerns Over Iraq
- Saudi Arabia feared an Iraqi invasion after Iraq's military action against Kuwait in pursuit of its oil resources.
al-Qaeda's Grievance Against the West
- Al-Qaeda's animosity towards Western nations stemmed from their involvement in Middle Eastern geopolitics.
Origin of al-Qaeda
- Al-Qaeda emerged in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, initially framing themselves as resistance fighters.
US Iraq Invasion Controversy
- The invasion of Iraq was contentious due to widespread belief that Iraq did not pose a credible terrorist threat to the US.
Homeland Security Establishment
- The US Department of Homeland Security was established to enhance protection against potential terrorist attacks.
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Test your knowledge on the complex history of decolonization in Africa. This quiz features key questions that explore the reasons behind Europe's lack of investment in education in African colonies and the benefits enjoyed by European nations. Perfect for studying or reinforcing your understanding of this significant historical period.