Psychology Chapter 1: Developmental Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What does a longitudinal research design primarily provide insights into?

  • Instantaneous gains in knowledge.
  • Short-term fluctuations only.
  • Stability and change over time. (correct)
  • Differences across various age groups.
  • What is the primary genetic composition of a gamete?

  • Complete fertilized egg.
  • Half of the genetic material. (correct)
  • Full set of chromosomes.
  • Two separate sperm cells.
  • What condition of the embryo does the inner cell mass develop into after successful implantation?

  • Fetus.
  • Embryo. (correct)
  • Zygote.
  • Amniotic sac.
  • Which of the following best describes monozygotic twins?

    <p>Twins resulting from one sperm and one egg cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of research design is typically prone to participant dropout?

    <p>Longitudinal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of language indicates that it is unique to humans?

    <p>Only humans can speak language. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the time when language learning occurs most rapidly in children?

    <p>Well-timed exposure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does categorical perception in language allow humans to do?

    <p>Distinguish between different sounds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically begin to show perceptual narrowing in language sounds?

    <p>6 months. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Infant Directed Speech (IDS) play in language acquisition?

    <p>It enhances contrast in phonemes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Kanzi the Bonobo significant in studies of language?

    <p>He understands verbal symbols but cannot produce language. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is perceptual narrowing in relation to language learning?

    <p>A reduction in sensitivity to non-native phonemes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of language indicates that it can create new phrases and sentences?

    <p>Generativity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is internal validity in research?

    <p>Confidence that observed effects are due to the variable being tested. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves predetermined questions asked to all participants?

    <p>Structured interviews (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key disadvantage of using naturalistic observation?

    <p>It cannot capture infrequent behaviors effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of correlational designs?

    <p>Identifying associations between two variables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of structured observation?

    <p>It allows for direct comparison of behaviors across children. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant disadvantage of questionnaires as a data collection method?

    <p>They may be subject to biases, such as social desirability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does external validity refer to in research?

    <p>The ability to generalize findings beyond the specific study. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a core characteristic of variables in research?

    <p>They are attributes that vary among individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to count objects in any order?

    <p>Order irrelevance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intelligence involves working with prior knowledge and relies on long-term memory?

    <p>Crystallized intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Raymond Cattell, which aspect of intelligence peaks in early adulthood and decreases thereafter?

    <p>Fluid intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louis Thurstone proposed how many primary mental abilities?

    <p>Seven (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is linked to improved counting ability according to cultural influences?

    <p>Language abilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit of heredity in all living things?

    <p>Gene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of chromosomes are found in humans?

    <p>23 pairs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of DNA codes for proteins in humans?

    <p>1% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the phenotype of an organism?

    <p>The physical and behavioral expression of the genotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do environmental factors have on regulator genes?

    <p>They can influence whether a gene is expressed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the MAO-A gene is correct?

    <p>It has several alleles affecting mood regulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genome?

    <p>The complete set of genes in an organism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when traits are described as polygenic?

    <p>They are governed by more than one gene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants begin integrating visual and auditory information?

    <p>4 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of infants in Cameron can sit up on their own by 5 months?

    <p>92% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex involves an infant throwing back their head and extending their arms in response to a sudden noise?

    <p>Moro reflex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the current theorists' viewpoint on motor development?

    <p>Environmental influence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a reflex that occurs when the roof of an infant's mouth is stimulated?

    <p>Sucking and swallowing reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age range corresponds to infants starting to stand and walk independently?

    <p>9.5-14 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental challenge do infants face when learning new motor skills, such as crawling or walking?

    <p>Integration of perceptual information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the visual cliff example is correct regarding infants learning to crawl?

    <p>Infants display hesitation when first encountering a ledge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Internal Validity

    Confidence that observed effects are truly caused by the tested variable, not other factors.

    External Validity

    The ability to generalize study findings to different populations, settings, or times.

    Structured Interview

    Interview with predetermined questions asked to all participants.

    Clinical Interview

    Flexible interview adapting questions based on participant's responses.

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    Naturalistic Observation

    Observing children in their natural environments.

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    Variable

    A characteristic that varies among participants (e.g., age, gender).

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    Correlational Design

    A study that explores relationships between two variables.

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    Correlation

    The degree of association between two variables.

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    Cross-Sectional Research Design

    A research method that compares di\erent age groups at the same time.

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    Longitudinal Research Design

    A research method that studies the same group of participants over an extended period.

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    Conception

    The union of sperm and ovum (egg).

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    Zygote

    Fertilized egg cell; the beginning of a new organism.

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    Monozygotic Twins

    Identical twins. Develop from a single fertilized egg.

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    Chromosome

    A molecule of DNA that carries genetic information. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, totaling 46.

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    Gene

    A section of a chromosome containing instructions for creating specific proteins, which, in turn, influence our traits.

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    Genome

    The complete set of genes within an organism.

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    Genotype

    The genetic makeup of an individual. These are the genes inherited from parents.

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    Phenotype

    The observable characteristics of an individual, resulting from the genotype and environment interaction.

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    Regulator Gene

    A gene that controls the activity of other genes. It essentially switches genes on or off influencing their expression.

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    Polygenic Trait

    A trait influenced by multiple genes working together, not just one.

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    Allele

    A variation of a gene. Different alleles can influence the specific expression of a trait.

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    McGurk Effect

    The phenomenon where visual information about lip movements influences how we perceive speech sounds.

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    Infant Motor Development (4 months)

    By 4 months of age, infants can coordinate their vision and hearing, allowing them to integrate these sensory inputs.

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    Infant Milestones (2-5 months)

    Infants in this age range develop the ability to support their weight while lying on their stomach and remaining stationary.

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    Infant Milestones (4-10 months)

    During this period, infants start sitting and standing with assistance or support.

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    Infants sitting up independently (5 months)

    Only a small percentage (17%) of infants in the US can sit up unaided at 5 months old, while in regions like Cameroon, this milestone is reached by a much higher percentage (92%).

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    Newborn Reflexes: Rooting

    This reflex triggers an infant to turn their head towards a touch on their cheek and open their mouth, preparing for feeding.

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    Newborn Reflexes: Tonic Neck

    When an infant's head is turned to one side, the arm on that side extends, while the other arm and leg flex. This resembles a fencing pose.

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    Evolving View of Motor Development: Current Perspective

    Contemporary research suggests that both brain maturation and environmental factors are crucial for motor development.

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    What makes human language unique?

    Human language is symbolic, represents specific meanings, is generative, and structured/rule-based. It's species-specific (only humans speak language) and species-universal (all humans can learn language).

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    Infant-Directed Speech

    The way adults talk to babies, characterized by higher pitch, slower speech, and exaggerated facial expressions. It helps infants focus on speech and learn new sounds.

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    Well-Timed Exposure

    The critical period for rapid language learning, typically between 0-7 years old. During this time, the brain is most receptive to absorbing language.

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    Categorical Perception

    The ability to perceive sounds as belonging to distinct categories. For example, we distinguish between 'b' and 'p' based on voice onset time.

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    Voice Onset Time

    The time between air passing the lips and the vocal cords vibrating. It helps us distinguish between sounds like 'b' and 'p'.

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    Perceptual Narrowing

    The process of losing sensitivity to sounds not regularly encountered in an infant's environment. This can lead to difficulty distinguishing sounds in other languages.

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    Kanzi the Bonobo

    A bonobo who learned lexigrams, over 300 words, and understands complex verbal instructions. However, Kanzi doesn't produce language like humans and lacks syntax understanding.

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    Sensitive Period

    A window of time when the brain is more sensitive to learning a particular skill, like language. While learning is still possible outside this period, it may be more difficult and less fluent.

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    One-to-One Correspondence

    Assigning a unique number to each object being counted, ensuring each object is counted only once.

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    Stable Order

    Reciting number names in the standard sequence (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4) consistently during counting.

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    Cardinality

    The final number spoken in counting represents the total quantity of objects counted.

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    Order Irrelevance

    The order in which you count objects doesn't affect the final count.

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    Abstraction in Counting

    Understanding which items can and cannot be counted. For instance, recognizing that ideas or emotions are not countable entities.

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    Study Notes

    Lecture 1, Chap 1: Developmental Psychology

    • Developmental psychology studies how people change throughout life, from infancy to late adulthood.
    • Studying how children think, act, and feel (often very different from adults) contributes to our understanding of adult behavior and language development
    • The "A-not-B error" shows that a child's ability to mentally represent objects is developing
    • Understanding child development helps us be better parents, teachers, and policymakers, leading to a better society.
    • Lloyd Morrisett researched providing high-quality home education to disadvantaged preschool children.

    Scientific Method

    • Choosing a question and hypothesis, testing, and drawing a conclusion
    • Measurable methods directly relating to the hypothesis
    • Consistent measurements (reliability) are crucial for the scientific method.
    • Key types of reliability include interrater reliability, which measures agreement between different observers.

    Gathering Data: Interviews and Questionnaires

    • Interviews can be structured (using predetermined questions for all participants) or clinical (flexible questions adapting to the participants' responses).
    • Questionnaires are standardized printed questions for large groups.
    • Benefits include quick data gathering and in-depth understanding.
    • Drawbacks can include subject bias and limited predictive accuracy.

    Naturalistic Observation

    • Observing children in their natural environments (home, school) to capture authentic behavior.
    • Strengths include capturing real-world behavior and highlighting social interaction processes; limitations include difficulty isolating influencing factors.

    Structured Observation

    • Observing children in controlled identical situations (e.g., requesting compliance in children)
    • Benefits include direct comparisons of behaviors and establishment of behavioral consistency; limitations include artificial environments affecting responses.

    Correlation and Causation

    • Variables are characteristics that vary among people (e.g., age, gender, activity level).
    • Correlational studies identify associations between variables.
    • Correlation does not imply causation. (Other factors or chance may be impacting the study results).

    Limitations of Correlation Studies

    • Does not clarify direction of causation (Which factor impacts the other?)
    • Third-variable problem: Unseen factors may be influencing the observed correlation.

    Misinterpretations of Correlation Studies

    • Studies might misattribute causality (mistakenly assuming one factor causes another).

    Types of Correlation

    • Positive correlation: both variables increase together.
    • Negative correlation: one variable increases as the other decreases.
    • Correlation coefficients range from -1.00 (strong negative) to +1.00 (strong positive).

    The Role of Correlational Studies

    • Correlational studies are important for examining variables that can't be practically manipulated.

    Experimental Designs

    • Random assignment to experimental and control groups to mitigate preexisting differences.
    • Experimental control: researchers carefully control experiences to isolate the effect of the independent variable.

    Cross-Sectional Designs

    • Comparing different age groups on a specific characteristic at one point in time.

    Longitudinal Designs

    • Tracking the same group of individuals over a period of time to observe changes in development.

    Microgenetic Designs

    • Observing children intensively over a short period.
    • Tracking changes during a specific developmental transition.

    Other Relevant Information

    • Different types of data collection methods have different advantages and disadvantages.

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts in developmental psychology, focusing on how individuals change throughout their lives. It emphasizes understanding child development, the significance of the A-not-B error, and the implications for parenting and education. Additionally, the scientific method and reliability in measurements are discussed.

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