Metamorphism and Earth Science Quarter 4

Prayer

• A prayer used for guidance and learning
• Requests for guidance throughout the day
• Asking for the ability to see the world through God's eyes, listen with God's ears, and speak with God's mouth
• Seeking the heart to love and be kind to others
• Asking for God's protection over teachers, friends, and families

Earth Science Class - Quarter 4

• Shows a welcoming graphic for Earth Science class
• Quarter 4 is implied

Metamorphism

• Transformation of rocks and minerals due to changing temperature, pressure, and chemical conditions
• Agents/factors affecting metamorphism include: temperature, pressure, and water

Types of Metamorphism

• Regional Metamorphism: Associated with large-scale mountain-building processes
• Contact Metamorphism: Changes in rock caused by heat from a nearby magma body
• Burial Metamorphism: Layers in sedimentary basins; sediments increase in pressure and temperature without deformation. Zeolite is an example
• Hydrothermal Metamorphism: Change in chemical composition due to reaction with hot water; hot water accumulates dissolved metals and reacts with other rocks. Pegmatites and soapstones are examples
• Dynamic Metamorphism: Cataclastic metamorphism; rocks along fault lines scrape together, altering the rocks due to high pressure and low temperature. Mylonites are an example

Factors Influencing Rocks' Behaviour

• Compression: Rocks push or squeeze against each other, stress directed to the center
• Tension: Rocks pulled apart in opposite directions
• Shearing: Some portion of a plate at the edge may break away in different directions, making the plate smaller inside
• Confining: The crust becomes compact, leading to a smaller appearance

Oral Quiz

• When does metamorphism occur?: If the rock's mineral composition is transformed due to intense heat and pressure (option D is the correct answer)
• What is the primary agent responsible for metamorphism?: Heat and pressure (option C is the correct answer)
• Which of the following factors can contribute to the intensity of metamorphism?: Depth of burial, chemical reactions, and duration of metamorphic conditions (option D, all of the above is the correct answer)
• In which tectonic setting does regional metamorphism primarily occur?: Convergent boundaries (option B is the correct answer)
• Which of the following plate boundaries produces strong and devastating earthquakes?: Transform boundaries (option D is the correct answer)

Volcanism and Plutonism

• The objective includes describing and differentiating volcanic and plutonic rocks, and the process of volcanism and plutonism.

Volcanism

• The eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet
• Volcano: A vent or opening where molten rock, volcanic ash, and gases escape out onto the surface
• Plate movements usually form volcanoes along plate boundaries

Types of Volcanoes

• Composite Volcanoes: Form the tallest and largest volcanoes; highly explosive and dangerous
• Cinder Cone Volcanoes: Usually smaller and have smaller eruptions; form steep cone-shaped hills
• Shield Volcanoes: Widest volcanoes with gentle slopes due to low viscosity, or runny, lava

Volcanic Materials: Gas and Pyroclastic Materials

• Gases released during eruptions (water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrochloric acid).
• Surface water into a volcanic system can greatly increase explosiveness.

Types of Volcanic Eruptions

• Hawaiian Eruptions: Fluid lava ejected; fire fountains or lava flows are seen
• Strombolian Eruptions: Short bursts of glowing lava from bursting gas bubbles at volcano vents
• Vulcanian Eruptions: Relatively small but violent explosions of viscous lava; columns of ash and gas, occasional pyroclastic flows
• Plinian Eruptions: Largest and most violent explosive eruptions; send columns of pulverized rock, ash, and gases miles into the atmosphere

Types of Lava Flows:

• Pahoehoe: Smooth and continuous lava crust; forms when effusion rate is low
• Aa: Rough and rubbly lava crust; common when silica content is high
• Pillow Lava: Forms when hot lava flows into water; creates tubes and bulbous rock shapes. Often under volcanoes that reach the surface.
• Blocky: Consists of large angular blocks of lava; often common if the lava has a higher silica content (basaltic, andesitic, or rhyolitic)

Closing Prayer

• A prayer of thanks to God for gifts and graces
• Affirming God as living and reigning