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Questions and Answers
What role does Mg2+ play in biological systems?
What role does Mg2+ play in biological systems?
Which trace metal is critical for the synthesis of methionine?
Which trace metal is critical for the synthesis of methionine?
What is the primary function of Mn in biological systems?
What is the primary function of Mn in biological systems?
Which trace metal is known to be involved in electron transfer and oxygen activation?
Which trace metal is known to be involved in electron transfer and oxygen activation?
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What key function does Ca2+ serve in cellular processes?
What key function does Ca2+ serve in cellular processes?
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Which metal is crucial for hydrogenase activity?
Which metal is crucial for hydrogenase activity?
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Which trace metal is associated with the function of electron transfer proteins and oxygenases?
Which trace metal is associated with the function of electron transfer proteins and oxygenases?
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What is the function of Cu in biological processes?
What is the function of Cu in biological processes?
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What characteristic must a molecule possess to act as a ligand?
What characteristic must a molecule possess to act as a ligand?
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Which of the following amino acid side chains can act as ligands to metals?
Which of the following amino acid side chains can act as ligands to metals?
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What role do Na+ and K+ ions play in cellular functions?
What role do Na+ and K+ ions play in cellular functions?
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Which of the following metals is always in the 2+ oxidation state?
Which of the following metals is always in the 2+ oxidation state?
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What is a consequence of the Na/K pump's activity?
What is a consequence of the Na/K pump's activity?
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Which of the following represents a bulk metal commonly found in biological systems?
Which of the following represents a bulk metal commonly found in biological systems?
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What charge do bulk metals typically have?
What charge do bulk metals typically have?
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How does Na+ re-entry into the cell occur?
How does Na+ re-entry into the cell occur?
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What characterizes the binding curve of haemoglobin?
What characterizes the binding curve of haemoglobin?
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What is the role of histidine (His) in the haemoglobin structure?
What is the role of histidine (His) in the haemoglobin structure?
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How does haemoglobin's binding of oxygen influence its conformation?
How does haemoglobin's binding of oxygen influence its conformation?
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What effect does cooperativity have on haemoglobin's function?
What effect does cooperativity have on haemoglobin's function?
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What happens to the haemoglobin tetramer when one subunit undergoes a conformational change?
What happens to the haemoglobin tetramer when one subunit undergoes a conformational change?
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What is the primary function of myoglobin compared to haemoglobin?
What is the primary function of myoglobin compared to haemoglobin?
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What is the primary ion involved in the reversible binding of O2 in haemoglobin?
What is the primary ion involved in the reversible binding of O2 in haemoglobin?
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In which state does haemoglobin have a stronger affinity for oxygen?
In which state does haemoglobin have a stronger affinity for oxygen?
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What role does carbonic anhydrase play in the red blood cells?
What role does carbonic anhydrase play in the red blood cells?
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How does carbonic acid affect the pH in red blood cells?
How does carbonic acid affect the pH in red blood cells?
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What is the significance of the Zn2+ in carbonic anhydrase?
What is the significance of the Zn2+ in carbonic anhydrase?
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What is the structure of hemoglobin?
What is the structure of hemoglobin?
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In what environment does carbonic anhydrase convert carbonic acid back to CO2?
In what environment does carbonic anhydrase convert carbonic acid back to CO2?
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What is the rate determining step for the reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?
What is the rate determining step for the reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?
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What is the effect of rising pH in the lungs on hemoglobin?
What is the effect of rising pH in the lungs on hemoglobin?
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What is the rate at which the deprotonation step occurs in absence of the enzyme?
What is the rate at which the deprotonation step occurs in absence of the enzyme?
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What drives ATP synthesis in mitochondria?
What drives ATP synthesis in mitochondria?
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Which complex does NOT participate in the electron transport chain within mitochondria?
Which complex does NOT participate in the electron transport chain within mitochondria?
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Which ion is crucial for the function of the heme group in cytochrome c?
Which ion is crucial for the function of the heme group in cytochrome c?
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What change occurs in the iron (Fe) of heme when it binds to O2?
What change occurs in the iron (Fe) of heme when it binds to O2?
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In which state does the hemoglobin tetramer exhibit low O2 affinity?
In which state does the hemoglobin tetramer exhibit low O2 affinity?
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In the electron transport chain, where do electrons originate?
In the electron transport chain, where do electrons originate?
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What initiates the cooperativity in O2 binding in hemoglobin?
What initiates the cooperativity in O2 binding in hemoglobin?
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What does the term 'respirasome' refer to?
What does the term 'respirasome' refer to?
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What is the primary focus of bioenergetics?
What is the primary focus of bioenergetics?
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What is the role of ATP synthase?
What is the role of ATP synthase?
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Which two processes form a large energy cycle in biology?
Which two processes form a large energy cycle in biology?
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Which proton gradient potential is cited in the respiration process?
Which proton gradient potential is cited in the respiration process?
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What role do His and Met residues play in cytochrome c?
What role do His and Met residues play in cytochrome c?
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What role do metal ions play in bioenergetics?
What role do metal ions play in bioenergetics?
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What happens when one molecule of O2 binds to hemoglobin?
What happens when one molecule of O2 binds to hemoglobin?
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Which of the following is NOT a product of respiration?
Which of the following is NOT a product of respiration?
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Study Notes
Metals in Biology
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Bulk Metals: Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), and Calcium (Ca) are essential for life, often as cations. Trace metals include Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), and Molybdenum (Mo).
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Metal Ions in Biological Processes: Many biological processes rely on metal ions. For example, bulk metals Na+ and K+ are crucial for maintaining ionic strength within cells. They are pumped in/out of cells coupled to ATP.
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Metal Roles in Enzymes and Proteins: Many enzymes use metal ions for catalysis and structural support. Examples include Mg2+ in enzymes where it assists with nucleotide use in phosphoester cleavage. Ca2+ plays a major role in cell signaling like in voltage-gated calcium channels during muscle action. Metal ions like Ni are part of hydrogenases. Co is part of vitamin B12 in methionine synthesis and Zn is common in various enzymes and zinc fingers.
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Redox Reactions: Electron transfer reactions are often facilitated by metals with variable oxidation states, like Fe and Cu, in electron transfer proteins and oxidases. These elements are often abundant in biological systems, particularly iron in mammals.
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Metal Centers and Their Function: Metal clusters (like iron-sulfur clusters) found in proteins are involved in electron transfer and other redox processes. For example, Mo is found within the cofactor of enzymes involved in nitrogen fixation. A manganese cluster catalyzes O2 evolution in plants' water splitting enzymes.
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Oxygen Transport: Haemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells, uses an iron ion to bind and transport oxygen. This occurs cooperatively, as the binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin leads to increased affinity for binding subsequent oxygen molecules.
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Respiration: Protons are pumped across the inner membrane of mitochondria during electron transport chain events. This drives ATP synthesis.
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Photosynthesis: Some metal ions, such as copper in plastocyanin, are important components in photosynthesis, where they facilitate electron transport between different protein complexes.
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Description
Explore the essential roles of bulk and trace metals in biological systems through this quiz. Learn how metal ions contribute to cellular functions, enzyme activity, and redox reactions. Test your knowledge on the importance of these metals in life processes.