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Questions and Answers

Which metal is primarily associated with the transport of oxygen in the human body?

Zinc

Copper

Iron (correct)

Cobalt

What is the role of Manganese in biological systems?

Glucose metabolism

Electron transfer systems

Found in Vitamin B12

Redox activity in photosystem II (correct)

Which metal is involved in the coenzyme function of Vitamin B12?

Cobalt (correct)

Chromium

Nickel

Vanadium

Which trace metal is used by enzymes involved in nitrogen fixation?

Vanadium (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the biological role of Zinc in human metabolism?

Enzymatic functions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of cisplatin in cancer treatment?

It binds to DNA and prevents transcription. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are some common side effects associated with cisplatin treatment?

Nausea and kidney damage (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is the diaqua complex of cisplatin considered the active species?

It can effectively bind to DNA once formed. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of cisplatin's design contributes significantly to its effectiveness as an anti-cancer drug?

The use of platinum as a metal center. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Compared to other anticancer drugs, cisplatin is unique because it specifically targets which biological molecule?

DNA (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic allows metals to be useful in medicine, particularly in drug design?

Their capacity to form complexes with biological molecules. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential drawback of using cisplatin as an anticancer therapy?

Resistance to the drug develops quickly. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What transition metal is primarily associated with cisplatin's action as an anticancer drug?

Platinum (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the geometry of the Cu2+ macrocyclic complexes mentioned in the content?

Octahedral (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which atoms serve as donor atoms in the Cu2+ complex with DOTA?

Carboxylate oxygen (C) Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the suitability of Cu2+ complexes for nuclear medicine applications?

High formation constants (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do transition metal complexes play a role in detecting diseases?

By using their coordination sites (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is an important benefit of the modification of ligands for anti-cancer drugs?

Reduced side effects (A) Signup and view all the answers

In biological inorganic chemistry, why are heteroatoms important?

They enhance stability in the body (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role do transition metals play in everyday life according to the content?

They are critical for bodily functions (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ligands are commonly utilized in biological inorganic chemistry?

Amino acids and prosthetic groups (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is an expected outcome of new transition metal medicines?

Improvement in disease management (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is bioinorganic chemistry important for drug development?

It enhances the efficacy and reduces side effects (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role does magnesium play in biological systems?

Essential for muscle movement (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metals is primarily associated with structural chemistry in bones and teeth?

Calcium (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do alkali metals like sodium and potassium influence biological functions?

By regulating osmotic control (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about trace metals in the body is true?

They play essential roles despite being present in trace amounts. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the alkali earth metal magnesium in the human body?

Muscle function (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which compound primarily utilizes metal ions for biochemical properties?

Proteins (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bioinorganic chemistry in biology?

It helps understand metal and ligand interactions in biological functions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metals is NOT typically involved in biological processes?

Lead (C) Signup and view all the answers

What defines the action mechanism of metals in bioinorganic chemistry?

Their ability to bind ligands and form complexes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which alkali metal is crucial for nerve impulse transmission?

Sodium (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of atoms in side chains make excellent ligands for first row transition metals?

Atoms with lone pairs of electrons such as N, O, or S (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the coordination preference of histidine for transition metals?

Strong preference for metals such as Fe, Cu, and Zn (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the porphyrin group in proteins?

Acts as a tetra-dentate ligand with a -2 charge (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which common metal is associated with the haemoglobin protein?

Fe (Iron) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which property distinguishes the corrin macrocyclic ligand from the porphyrin ligand?

It has a slightly smaller 15-membered atom ring (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of ligand behavior does the prosthetic group typically exhibit?

Can function in a variety of coordination modes (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which complex is typically associated with the metalloprotein Cobalamin?

Cobalt complexes (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of metal coordination, which atom in histidine serves as a donor?

The nitrogen atoms in the imidazole side chain (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the structure of the porphyrin ligand?

It is a tetra-dentate ligand with four nitrogen atoms (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of metalloproteins?

They include a metal ion as part of their structure (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bioinorganic Metals

Bioinorganic chemistry applies coordination chemistry principles to understand biological pathways and interactions between metal ions and ligands with biological functions.
The human body requires many metals for its functions.
Alkali metal ions (e.g., sodium, potassium) regulate osmotic control and nerve actions.
Alkali earth metal (e.g., magnesium) is found in metalloenzymes and aids muscle movement
Calcium is essential for bone and teeth structure.
First-row transition metals are found in trace amounts but are important for homeostasis.
The abundance of essential metals varies between organisms, with iron and zinc being the most prevalent in humans.

Biological Molecules as Ligands

Biological systems contain abundant amino acids and proteins as ligands.
There are 21 known amino acids.
The α-carbon's carboxylic acid and amine groups do not form coordination bonds to a metal, but the various side chain functionalities can provide coordination sites to different metals.
Side chains containing N, O, or S atoms (with lone pairs of electrons) act as excellent ligands for first-row transition metals.
Histidine, with an imidazole group in its side chain, has two potential coordination sites for a transition metal.
Both nitrogen atoms (δ and ε) in Histidine can coordinate to a metal as monodentate donors, favoring Fe, Cu, and Zn complex formation.

Prosthetic Groups

Prosthetic groups are non-amino acid complexes essential for protein activity.
Examples include the porphyrin group (Haem moiety) found in Haemoglobin and the corrin macrocyclic ligand found in Cobalamin.
Porphyrin acts as a tetra-dentate ligand through its four nitrogen atoms in a 16-membered atom ring.
Corrin, with a slightly smaller ring size (15-membered atom ring), also acts as a tetra-dentate ligand through its four nitrogen atoms.
Metalloproteins contain metal ions within the prosthetic group, with common ones includes Fe (Haemoglobin) and Co (Cobalamin).

Metals in the Human Body

The elements used by biology are categorized based on their prevalence: green for widespread use, blue for trace/suspected use, and orange for very rare use.
Metals used in the human body include:
- Vanadium (V): found in nitrogenases.
- Chromium (Cr): involved in glucose metabolism.
- Manganese (Mn): found in phosphatases and participates in redox activity in plants.
- Iron (Fe): crucial for hemoglobin/myoglobin, iron storage proteins (ferritin, transferrin), and transport processes.
- Cobalt (Co): a component of Vitamin B12.
- Nickel (Ni): found in ureases.
- Copper (Cu): participates in electron transfer systems and transport proteins
- Zinc (Zn): found in enzymes like alcohol dehydrogenase and carbonic anhydrase.

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Description

This quiz explores the principles of bioinorganic chemistry, focusing on the roles of metal ions in biological systems. It covers essential metals, their functions in human biology, and the interaction of biological molecules as ligands. Test your knowledge on how metals like sodium, magnesium, and iron contribute to life processes.