Biochem 10. 1 Metabolism: Catabolic and Anabolic Processes

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of catabolic processes in metabolism?

To break down molecules and release energy (correct)

To synthesize new proteins from amino acids

To produce nucleic acids from nitrogenous bases

To store energy in carbohydrates or lipids

Which of the following is produced during the catabolism of biomolecules?

ADP + Pi (correct)

Proteins

Glucose

AMP

Which form of energy is primarily produced during catabolic processes?

NADH

Glucose

FADH2

ATP (correct)

What substance is commonly viewed as the preferred fuel source for cellular processes?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy-depleted end product of carbohydrate catabolism?

$CO_2$ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is characterized as anabolic?

Combining amino acids to form proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which component directly links catabolic and anabolic pathways in metabolism?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the release of energy through the oxidation of glucose?

Catabolic metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of generating ATP through a proton gradient called?

Oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to the electrochemical gradient used in cellular processes?

Proton motive force Signup and view all the answers

What is the net energy cost in ATP for adding one amino acid during protein synthesis?

2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy transfer occurs when solutes move down their electrochemical gradient?

Exergonic energy transfer Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is involved in translocation during protein synthesis?

tRNA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the reaction of hydrolysis for high-energy bond linkages?

Exergonic and often exothermic Signup and view all the answers

Which part of protein synthesis is coupled to GTP hydrolysis?

Translocation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in cells?

Pump protons across membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ATP in cells?

Serving as energy currency for biochemical processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate amount of energy released during ATP hydrolysis?

-30.5 kJ/mol Signup and view all the answers

How does the energy yield from glucose combustion compare to ATP hydrolysis?

It is significantly higher for glucose combustion Signup and view all the answers

Which nucleotide can be used to power biochemical reactions along with ATP?

UDP Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the hydrolysis of GTP related to ATP?

It releases an equivalent amount of energy to ATP hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the efficiency of energy capture during aerobic respiration compared to glucose combustion?

34.4% Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between the phosphate groups in ATP?

Phosphoanhydride linkages Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes can utilize energy from NTP hydrolysis at which phosphoanhydride linkage for some reactions?

Between the α- and ß-phosphates Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall change in enthalpy (∆H) for exothermic hydrolysis reactions?

Negative ∆H Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the high energy of nucleoside triphosphates?

Charge-charge repulsion Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the negative charges during the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates?

They separate from each other Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of products of exergonic reactions?

They have lower free energy than reactants Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond forms during ATP hydrolysis that contributes to energy release?

Phosphoanhydride bond Signup and view all the answers

How does ionization affect the energy released during hydrolysis?

It stabilizes the products Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common factor that contributes to the free energy change of hydrolysis?

Temperature variation Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a hydrolysis reaction is considered exergonic?

The formation of stable products Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the overall negative ∆G of ATP hydrolysis?

Resonance stabilization of ADP's ß-phosphate Signup and view all the answers

How does the deprotonation by water affect ATP hydrolysis?

It stabilizes the products and contributes to the exergonic nature Signup and view all the answers

What effect does resonance have on the stability of ATP and ADP?

ADP's ß-phosphate is more resonance stabilized than that of ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which high-energy molecules are also stabilized by charge separation and resonance?

Acyl phosphates and thioesters Signup and view all the answers

What role does tautomerization play in phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) hydrolysis?

It helps stabilize the enol form of pyruvate post-hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the energy of hydrolysis is accurate?

Energy from ATP can be used without direct hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule serves to power a substrate-level phosphorylation reaction at the end of glycolysis?

PEP Signup and view all the answers

What does the removal of PEP's phosphate group result in?

Formation of a more stable keto form of pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

What role does free energy G play in biochemical reactions?

It is a state function that depends solely on the system's state. Signup and view all the answers

How do kinases utilize ATP hydrolysis?

They couple ATP hydrolysis to the phosphorylation of substrates. Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of temporary phosphorylation of an enzyme?

It can trigger a conformational change that enhances enzyme function. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes how ATP hydrolysis can facilitate ion movement?

By inducing conformational changes in transport proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do secondary active transporters utilize to move ions?

They couple the movement of one ion down its gradient to transport another solute against its gradient. Signup and view all the answers

During muscle contraction, what role does ATP play?

It is hydrolyzed to enable the sliding of muscle filaments. Signup and view all the answers

How does ATP hydrolysis relate to electrochemical gradients?

It indirectly contributes to the generation and maintenance of these gradients. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of coupling ATP hydrolysis to biochemical reactions?

It allows endergonic processes to occur by providing necessary energy. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Metabolism

Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions organisms use to survive
Catabolic processes break down molecules, releasing energy
Anabolic processes build molecules, using energy
Metabolic reactions are catalyzed by enzymes

Catabolism

Catabolism breaks down complex molecules, releasing energy
Energy released in catabolism is often stored as ATP

Energy-containing nutrients

Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins

Energy-depleted end products

CO₂
H₂O
NH₃

Precursor molecules

Amino acids
Sugars
Fatty acids
Nitrogenous bases

Anabolism

Anabolism builds complex molecules, requiring energy
Uses products from catabolism for building block materials and energy
Precursor molecules are needed to build up molecules

ATP and cellular energy

Glucose is often the primary energy source for cells
Oxidation of glucose releases a large amount of energy (2,840 kJ/mol)
Biochemical catabolism of biomolecules occurs in multiple enzyme-catalyzed steps (metabolic pathways) This small release of energy can be used one step at a time for other cellular processes

ATP as energy currency

ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate with 3 phosphate groups
Hydrolyzing ATP (removing a phosphate group) releases energy (-30.5 kJ/mol)
ATP hydrolysis powers many cellular processes

Nucleotides

Other nucleotides (GTP, UTP, CTP) have similar energy content as ATP
ATP can be used to regenerate other nucleotides

Protein synthesis

Ribosomes use GTP hydrolysis to power peptide bond formation in protein synthesis
This process is energetically equivalent to using ATP

Other high energy molecules

Creatine phosphate can quickly replenish ATP stores in muscle cells
Other high-energy molecules like acyl phosphates, enol phosphates, and thioesters can generate ATP

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Description

Test your knowledge on the differences between catabolic and anabolic processes in metabolism. This quiz covers energy production, preferred fuel sources, and the connection between catabolism and anabolism. A great way to reinforce your understanding of metabolic pathways!