Biochem 10. 1 Metabolism: Catabolic and Anabolic Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of catabolic processes in metabolism?

  • To break down molecules and release energy (correct)
  • To synthesize new proteins from amino acids
  • To produce nucleic acids from nitrogenous bases
  • To store energy in carbohydrates or lipids

Which of the following is produced during the catabolism of biomolecules?

  • ADP + P<sub>i</sub> (correct)
  • Proteins
  • Glucose
  • AMP

Which form of energy is primarily produced during catabolic processes?

  • NADH
  • Glucose
  • FADH<sub>2</sub>
  • ATP (correct)

What substance is commonly viewed as the preferred fuel source for cellular processes?

<p>Glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy-depleted end product of carbohydrate catabolism?

<p>$CO_2$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is characterized as anabolic?

<p>Combining amino acids to form proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component directly links catabolic and anabolic pathways in metabolism?

<p>ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the release of energy through the oxidation of glucose?

<p>Catabolic metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of generating ATP through a proton gradient called?

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to the electrochemical gradient used in cellular processes?

<p>Proton motive force (A), Electron transport chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net energy cost in ATP for adding one amino acid during protein synthesis?

<p>2 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy transfer occurs when solutes move down their electrochemical gradient?

<p>Exergonic energy transfer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is involved in translocation during protein synthesis?

<p>tRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the reaction of hydrolysis for high-energy bond linkages?

<p>Exergonic and often exothermic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of protein synthesis is coupled to GTP hydrolysis?

<p>Translocation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in cells?

<p>Pump protons across membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ATP in cells?

<p>Serving as energy currency for biochemical processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate amount of energy released during ATP hydrolysis?

<p>-30.5 kJ/mol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the energy yield from glucose combustion compare to ATP hydrolysis?

<p>It is significantly higher for glucose combustion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nucleotide can be used to power biochemical reactions along with ATP?

<p>UDP (C), CTP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the hydrolysis of GTP related to ATP?

<p>It releases an equivalent amount of energy to ATP hydrolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the efficiency of energy capture during aerobic respiration compared to glucose combustion?

<p>34.4% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between the phosphate groups in ATP?

<p>Phosphoanhydride linkages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes can utilize energy from NTP hydrolysis at which phosphoanhydride linkage for some reactions?

<p>Between the α- and ß-phosphates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall change in enthalpy (∆H) for exothermic hydrolysis reactions?

<p>Negative ∆H (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the high energy of nucleoside triphosphates?

<p>Charge-charge repulsion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the negative charges during the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates?

<p>They separate from each other (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of products of exergonic reactions?

<p>They have lower free energy than reactants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond forms during ATP hydrolysis that contributes to energy release?

<p>Phosphoanhydride bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ionization affect the energy released during hydrolysis?

<p>It stabilizes the products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common factor that contributes to the free energy change of hydrolysis?

<p>Temperature variation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a hydrolysis reaction is considered exergonic?

<p>The formation of stable products (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the overall negative ∆G of ATP hydrolysis?

<p>Resonance stabilization of ADP's ß-phosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the deprotonation by water affect ATP hydrolysis?

<p>It stabilizes the products and contributes to the exergonic nature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does resonance have on the stability of ATP and ADP?

<p>ADP's ß-phosphate is more resonance stabilized than that of ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which high-energy molecules are also stabilized by charge separation and resonance?

<p>Acyl phosphates and thioesters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does tautomerization play in phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) hydrolysis?

<p>It helps stabilize the enol form of pyruvate post-hydrolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the energy of hydrolysis is accurate?

<p>Energy from ATP can be used without direct hydrolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule serves to power a substrate-level phosphorylation reaction at the end of glycolysis?

<p>PEP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the removal of PEP's phosphate group result in?

<p>Formation of a more stable keto form of pyruvate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does free energy G play in biochemical reactions?

<p>It is a state function that depends solely on the system's state. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do kinases utilize ATP hydrolysis?

<p>They couple ATP hydrolysis to the phosphorylation of substrates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of temporary phosphorylation of an enzyme?

<p>It can trigger a conformational change that enhances enzyme function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes how ATP hydrolysis can facilitate ion movement?

<p>By inducing conformational changes in transport proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do secondary active transporters utilize to move ions?

<p>They couple the movement of one ion down its gradient to transport another solute against its gradient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During muscle contraction, what role does ATP play?

<p>It is hydrolyzed to enable the sliding of muscle filaments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ATP hydrolysis relate to electrochemical gradients?

<p>It indirectly contributes to the generation and maintenance of these gradients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of coupling ATP hydrolysis to biochemical reactions?

<p>It allows endergonic processes to occur by providing necessary energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to sustain life.

Catabolism

Metabolic processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones, typically releasing energy.

Anabolism

Metabolic processes that build up complex molecules from simpler ones, typically requiring energy.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy currency of cells, used to power various cellular processes.

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Metabolic Pathway

A series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that gradually release energy from molecules, preventing a large burst of energy that could damage the cell.

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NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide), NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)

A molecule that is reduced during catabolism, gaining electrons and energy, and then used to transfer that energy to other reactions.

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Glucose Oxidation

The process of converting glucose into energy, releasing carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A high-energy molecule formed from the breakdown of glucose, used to power anabolic processes.

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ATP Hydrolysis

The breaking of a phosphate bond in ATP, releasing energy used for cellular processes.

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γ-Phosphate Hydrolysis

The energy released by hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride bond between the β- and γ-phosphates in ATP, GTP, CTP, or UTP.

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α-β Phosphate Hydrolysis

The energy released by hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride bond between the α- and β-phosphates in ATP, GTP, CTP, or UTP.

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Nucleotide Energetic Equivalence

Other nucleoside triphosphates like GTP, CTP, and UTP can be used to power reactions just like ATP. They can be regenerated using ATP.

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ATP Regeneration

The process of producing ATP from ADP using energy from sources like glucose oxidation.

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Endergonic Reaction

A type of reaction that requires energy input to proceed.

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Exergonic Reaction

A type of reaction that releases energy into the surroundings.

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Electrochemical Gradient

Energy stored in the difference of concentration of charged particles across a membrane. This potential energy can be used to power cellular processes like ATP synthesis.

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Proton Motive Force

The energy stored within an electrochemical gradient, specifically across the mitochondrial inner membrane, that powers ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

A process that uses the energy from a proton gradient, created by the electron transport chain, to produce ATP. It is a key step in cellular respiration.

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Cost of Elongation

The energy required to add one amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain during translation.

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High Energy Bonds

The chemical bonds in molecules like ATP and GTP, which can be broken to release large amounts of energy to drive cellular processes. These bonds usually have a high negative change in Gibbs free energy.

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Hydrolysis

The splitting of a molecule, often involving water, that releases energy.

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Gibbs Free Energy Change (∆G)

The change in free energy that occurs during a chemical reaction, indicating whether a reaction requires or releases energy. A negative value means energy is released.

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Enthalpy Change (∆H)

The energy change that occurs during a chemical reaction, related to the heat absorbed or released. A positive value means heat is absorbed (endothermic).

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Bond Energy

The energy released by breaking a chemical bond.

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Entropy

A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.

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Free Energy

A measure of the energy available to do useful work.

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Charge-Charge Repulsion

The repulsion between negatively charged groups.

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Ionization

The gain or loss of a proton (H+) by a molecule.

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Tautomerization

The process of a molecule changing from its enol form to its keto form. This is often spontaneous and can release energy.

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Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

A high-energy molecule that is important in glycolysis. It releases energy when its phosphate group is removed, and the resulting enol form of pyruvate spontaneously tautomerizes to the more stable keto form.

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ADP

A molecule that is more stable due to the rapid deprotonation of its beta-phosphate by water after ATP hydrolysis.

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Coupling of ATP Hydrolysis to Other Reactions

The energy released during ATP hydrolysis is often used to drive endergonic reactions.

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Resonance

The ability of a molecule to exist in multiple forms due to the movement of electrons within its structure. The more resonance forms a molecule has, the more stable it is.

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High-Energy Molecules

Molecules with multiple resonance forms release energy when they are hydrolyzed.

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Free Energy as a State Function

A state function is a property that depends only on the current state of a system, not on the path taken to reach that state. In the context of chemical reactions, free energy (G) is a state function. This means that the change in free energy during a reaction is the same, regardless of how the reaction is carried out.

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Kinase Mechanism and Phosphoryl Transfer

Kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a substrate molecule. This process is called phosphorylation. Although kinases are often described as coupling ATP hydrolysis to substrate phosphorylation, the actual mechanism may involve only the transfer of a phosphate group, without actual hydrolysis of ATP. Despite this, the thermodynamic energy of phosphoryl transfer is equivalent to the sum of the individual energies of ATP hydrolysis and substrate phosphorylation.

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ATP Hydrolysis and Phosphate Transfers

ATP hydrolysis can be used to power endergonic reactions (reactions that require energy) through a series of phosphate transfers. This can occur either directly to the substrate or to the enzyme. Phosphorylation of the enzyme can induce a conformational change, which can activate the enzyme or facilitate its function.

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ATP-Driven Conformational Changes

ATP hydrolysis can power reactions by temporarily phosphorylating an enzyme, triggering a conformational change. For example, phosphorylation of a translocase, a protein that moves molecules across a membrane, can cause a conformational change that allows the passage of ions against their electrochemical gradient. This is exemplified by the sodium-potassium pump.

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Protein-Ligand Interactions and ATP Hydrolysis

ATP hydrolysis can also be coupled to endergonic processes through conformational changes induced by protein-ligand interactions. During muscle contraction, ATP hydrolysis drives conformational changes in muscle proteins, leading to the sliding of filaments and muscle contraction.

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Indirect Coupling of ATP Hydrolysis

ATP hydrolysis can indirectly power endergonic processes through the creation of an electrochemical gradient. This gradient stores potential energy that can be used to power cellular processes. For example, the movement of protons across a membrane creates a proton motive force, which is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.

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Secondary Active Transport

Secondary active transporters use the energy of a spontaneous movement of one ion down its concentration gradient to power the movement of a second solute up its concentration gradient. This process utilizes the potential energy stored in the electrochemical gradient, which was often generated using ATP hydrolysis.

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ATP and Electrochemical Gradients

ATP can indirectly power reactions by converting its chemical energy into the potential energy of an electrochemical gradient. This gradient can then be used to power other cellular processes, including secondary active transport.

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Study Notes

Metabolism

  • Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions organisms use to survive
  • Catabolic processes break down molecules, releasing energy
  • Anabolic processes build molecules, using energy
  • Metabolic reactions are catalyzed by enzymes

Catabolism

  • Catabolism breaks down complex molecules, releasing energy
  • Energy released in catabolism is often stored as ATP

Energy-containing nutrients

  • Carbohydrates
  • Fats
  • Proteins

Energy-depleted end products

  • COâ‚‚
  • Hâ‚‚O
  • NH₃

Precursor molecules

  • Amino acids
  • Sugars
  • Fatty acids
  • Nitrogenous bases

Anabolism

  • Anabolism builds complex molecules, requiring energy
  • Uses products from catabolism for building block materials and energy
  • Precursor molecules are needed to build up molecules

ATP and cellular energy

  • Glucose is often the primary energy source for cells
  • Oxidation of glucose releases a large amount of energy (2,840 kJ/mol)
  • Biochemical catabolism of biomolecules occurs in multiple enzyme-catalyzed steps (metabolic pathways) This small release of energy can be used one step at a time for other cellular processes

ATP as energy currency

  • ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate with 3 phosphate groups
  • Hydrolyzing ATP (removing a phosphate group) releases energy (-30.5 kJ/mol)
  • ATP hydrolysis powers many cellular processes

Nucleotides

  • Other nucleotides (GTP, UTP, CTP) have similar energy content as ATP
  • ATP can be used to regenerate other nucleotides

Protein synthesis

  • Ribosomes use GTP hydrolysis to power peptide bond formation in protein synthesis
  • This process is energetically equivalent to using ATP

Other high energy molecules

  • Creatine phosphate can quickly replenish ATP stores in muscle cells
  • Other high-energy molecules like acyl phosphates, enol phosphates, and thioesters can generate ATP

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Biochemistry 10.1 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the differences between catabolic and anabolic processes in metabolism. This quiz covers energy production, preferred fuel sources, and the connection between catabolism and anabolism. A great way to reinforce your understanding of metabolic pathways!

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