Metabolic Injuries and Organ Dysfunction
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Questions and Answers

Which type of diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas?

  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Specific types of diabetes due to other causes
  • Type 1 diabetes (correct)
  • Gestational diabetes mellitus

    • Which type of diabetes is characterised by resistance to the action of insulin and an inability to produce sufficient insulin to overcome this 'insulin resistance'?

  • Gestational diabetes mellitus
  • Type 2 diabetes (correct)
  • Type 1 diabetes
  • Specific types of diabetes due to other causes

    • What is the classification of diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy that was not clearly overt diabetes prior to gestation?

  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Gestational diabetes mellitus (correct)
  • Type 1 diabetes
  • Specific types of diabetes due to other causes

    • Which investigation should be included when a diagnosis of diabetes is confirmed?

    <p>Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is the first prescribed for type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Biguanides (metformin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for Diabetic Nephropathy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of microalbuminuria?

    <p>The presence of small amounts of albumin in the urine at a concentration below that detectable using a standard urine dipstick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which Diabetic Retinopathy can cause sudden vision loss?

    <p>Tractional retinal detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of non-traumatic adult amputation in the developed world?

    <p>Diabetic foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a characteristic feature of sensory neuropathy in diabetes?

    <p>Burning sensations in the soles of the feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a clinical sign of sensory neuropathy in diabetes?

    <p>Loss of tendon reflexes in the lower limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a characteristic of diabetic foot ulcers?

    <p>Excessive callus and infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following nerves is most commonly affected in mononeuropathy in diabetes?

    <p>3rd cranial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of monogenic diabetes syndrome?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the classic triad of symptoms seen in young people with diabetes?

    <p>Polyuria, thirst, weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is diabetes confirmed in symptomatic patients?

    <p>Random plasma glucose level ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the acute complications of diabetes?

    <p>Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS), lactic acidosis (LA), and hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of non-traumatic adult amputation in the developed world?

    <p>Diabetic Foot Ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the acute complications of diabetes?

    <p>Diabetic Ketoacidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a recommended dietary percentage of energy intake for carbohydrates in diabetes management?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential side effect of insulin therapy?

    <p>Peripheral oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a medication prescribed as a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an acute complication of diabetes?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of adult kidney failure in the developed world?

    <p>Diabetic nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of blindness among non-elderly adults in the developed world?

    <p>Diabetic retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main mechanism by which Diabetic Retinopathy can cause sudden vision loss?

    <p>Growth of friable and poor-quality new blood vessels in the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a risk factor for Diabetic Retinopathy?

    <p>Poor glycaemic control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a characteristic feature of Diabetic Nephropathy?

    <p>Presence of macroalbuminuria in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended target for blood pressure control in patients with Diabetic Nephropathy?

    <p>Below 130/80 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which Diabetic Retinopathy can cause vision loss?

    <p>Leakage of fluid into the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a clinical sign of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes?

    <p>Absence of dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a characteristic feature of sensory neuropathy in diabetes?

    <p>'Glove and stocking' impairment of all other modalities of sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a characteristic feature of diabetic foot ulcers?

    <p>Excessive callus and ulcers on the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a risk factor for Diabetic Nephropathy?

    <p>Chronic albuminuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is characterised by resistance to the action of insulin and an inability to produce sufficient insulin to overcome this 'insulin resistance'?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a risk factor for Diabetic Nephropathy?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which Diabetic Retinopathy can cause sudden vision loss?

    <p>Damage to the blood vessels in the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT a recommended dietary percentage of energy intake for carbohydrates in diabetes management?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT a side effect of insulin therapy?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT an indication for insulin therapy?

    <p>Transient type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a characteristic feature of sensory neuropathy in diabetes?

    <p>Loss of tendon reflexes in the lower limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a clinical sign of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes?

    <p>Development of foot ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which Diabetic Retinopathy can cause vision loss?

    <p>Impaired blood flow to the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a risk factor for Diabetic Nephropathy?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a common cause of non-traumatic adult amputation in the developed world?

    <p>Peripheral vascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a characteristic feature of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy?

    <p>Leaky and fragile new blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a risk factor for Diabetic Nephropathy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended target for blood pressure control in patients with Diabetic Nephropathy?

    <p>Below 130/80 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT an acute complication of diabetes?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of adult kidney failure in the developed world?

    <p>Diabetic nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy that was not clearly overt diabetes prior to gestation?

    <p>Gestational diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which Diabetic Retinopathy can cause severe vision loss or blindness?

    <p>Growth of friable and poor-quality new blood vessels in the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of adult kidney failure in the developed world?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended target for blood pressure control in patients with Diabetic Nephropathy?

    <p>&lt;140/90 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT a recommended dietary percentage of energy intake for carbohydrates in diabetes management?

    <p>10-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily intake of salt for individuals with diabetes?

    <p>6g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indication for insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Inadequate control on glucose lowering medicines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a characteristic feature of sensory neuropathy in diabetes?

    <p>Loss of tendon reflexes in the lower limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a characteristic feature of Diabetic Nephropathy?

    <p>Reduction in albuminuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a medication prescribed as a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a clinical sign of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes?

    <p>Excessive callus and foot ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential acute complication of diabetes?

    <p>Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a long-term complication of diabetes affecting the kidneys?

    <p>Diabetic nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a diagnostic criteria for diabetes according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA)?

    <p>A 2-hour plasma glucose level of 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) or higher during an oral glucose tolerance test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the eyes?

    <p>Diabetic retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a potential complication of Diabetic Retinopathy that can cause sudden vision loss?

    <p>Tractional retinal detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a risk factor for Diabetic Nephropathy?

    <p>Pre-existing hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which Diabetic Retinopathy can cause severe vision loss or blindness?

    <p>Tractional retinal detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended target for blood pressure control in patients with Diabetic Nephropathy?

    <p>Below 130/80 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

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