Mental Health Disorders Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a characteristic of binge eating disorder?

Physical consequences are typically related to being overweight or obese. (correct)

It involves compensatory behaviors to control weight.

It is commonly associated with underweight status.

It is characterized by significant dental erosion.

What key symptom related to anorexia nervosa was removed from the diagnostic criteria in DSM-5?

Being underweight

Compensatory behaviors

Amenorrhea (correct)

Body image distortion

What is the primary treatment approach for bulimia nervosa?

Nutritional counseling alone

Psychodynamic therapy

CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) (correct)

Medication only

Which of the following is NOT required for a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Disorganized behaviour Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes positive symptoms in schizophrenia from negative symptoms?

Positive symptoms consist of hallucinations and delusions. Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by experiencing psychotic symptoms for a duration of at least one day up to one month?

Brief Psychotic Disorder Signup and view all the answers

In terms of symptom duration for schizophrenia, what is the minimum requirement for active phase symptoms?

One month Signup and view all the answers

What does the category of catatonia in relation to schizophrenia refer to?

Psychomotor symptoms and inactivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes schizoaffective disorder?

Combination of mood disorder symptoms and psychotic symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment element for managing schizophrenia?

Conventional and atypical antipsychotics Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct definition of predictive validity?

Extent to which a test predicts other variables in the future in the way that it should Signup and view all the answers

In the context of clinical interviewing, what is typically determined?

The presenting problem of the client Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the MMPI is true?

Validity scales must be evaluated prior to interpretation. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the main symptom of a panic attack?

Unexpected occurrence with at least four specific symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive behavioral intervention is particularly important in the treatment of specific phobias?

Exposure therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?

Anorexia is characterized by low body weight, while bulimia involves bingeing and purging. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom required for a diagnosis of major depressive episode?

Five symptoms present most of the day, nearly every day for at least two weeks Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes hypomania from mania?

Hypomania lasts for four days, whereas mania lasts for at least a week. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about binge-eating disorder is correct?

It requires at least one binge episode per week for diagnosis. Signup and view all the answers

What are common medical complications of eating disorders?

Heart problems and amenorrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which biological factor is linked to depression?

Low levels of norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What role do expectancies play in alcohol use disorder?

They represent a person's anticipated outcomes from consuming alcohol. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD?

It is a specific type of therapeutic exposure used. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following constitutes substance use disorders?

Alcohol abuse and cannabis dependence Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people surveyed in 2012 met the criteria for a current mental health or addiction problem?

10% Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a psychiatrist from a clinical psychologist?

Psychiatrists can prescribe medication, while clinical psychologists cannot. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following combinations best describes elements that define abnormal behaviour?

Disability, violation of social norms, and unpredictability Signup and view all the answers

Which historical figure is associated with humane treatment of the mentally ill?

Philippe Pinel Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurotransmitters play in mental health according to the biological paradigm?

Disruptions in their levels can contribute to various disorders. Signup and view all the answers

What does interrater reliability refer to in clinical assessment?

The agreement between two independent judges on a diagnosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of cognitive-behavioral therapy?

Identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which method compares prevalence rates among children of parents with psychopathology against the general population?

Adoption method Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological paradigm is most focused on the causes related to childhood experiences?

Psychoanalytic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following paradigms is the most widely accepted for treatment in mental health?

Cognitive-behavioral Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant issue that continues to impact individuals seeking treatment for mental health problems?

Stigma surrounding mental health issues Signup and view all the answers

What does the phenotype refer to in the context of genetics?

The expression of genetic make-up Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic model is most associated with Carl Rogers?

Humanistic model Signup and view all the answers

In the context of abnormal behaviour, which aspect is least considered as relevant?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mental or Substance Use Disorders

Comprised of substance use disorders, mood disorders, and generalized anxiety disorder
Substance use disorders include alcohol abuse/dependence, cannabis abuse/dependence, and other drug abuse/dependence
Mood disorders include depression (major depressive episode) and bipolar disorder
In 2012, 10% of surveyed individuals met current criteria for a mental health/addiction problem, and 33% met lifetime criteria
This translates to 1 in 10 currently having the problem, and 1 in 3 experiencing it at some point in their life.

Defining Abnormal Behavior

Often considered as any uncommon behavior (statistical infrequency)
Infrequent behaviors aren't always abnormal
Suffering/distress (for self or others), disability/dysfunction, unexpectedness, and violation of social norms are crucial factors
No single factor defines abnormal behavior; it's a combination of these aspects, with varying relevance depending on the specific behavior.

Mental Health Professionals

Psychiatrists have medical degrees and residencies in psychiatry, and can prescribe medication
Clinical psychologists have graduate degrees in clinical psychology, typically including a master's and doctorate, and often a predoctoral internship. Most registered clinical psychologists in Ontario hold doctoral degrees.
Psychologists in Canada do not prescribe medication.
Multiple pathways exist, including graduate programs in clinical psychology, social work, medical school leading to psychiatry, nursing, and others.

Historical Context of Abnormal Behavior

Varying beliefs about causes and treatments over time.
Early beliefs often linked abnormal behavior to possession, requiring treatments like exorcism by priests.
Benjamin Rush: excess blood in the brain, treated with bloodletting
Hippocrates: somatogenesis (biological cause), physicians should treat mental illness.
Kraepelin: syndromes; no cure, essential classification
Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix: humane, moral treatment
Mesmer: magnetic fluid, touch treatments, linked with hypnotism
Breuer: catharsis
Charcot: shifted to psychogenesis (psychological cause), associated with hypnotism
Early demonology: considered mentally ill as witches or possessed by evil, often resulting in torture, burning, or death.
Dark ages saw return of demonological beliefs, treatments including prayer.
Mentally ill are not evil, treated in hospitals; asylums began.

Stigma of Mental Illness

Stigma significantly impedes individuals from seeking help.
Reported as a key reason only a third of depressed individuals seek treatment.
Individuals often resist sharing difficulties at work, preferring treatment outside work hours.

Biological Paradigm - Models of Abnormal Behavior

Genetics and behavior genetics study the extent of characteristics shared by family members due to genetics
Genetic predisposition: inheriting genes that increase risk for disorders
Genotype: genetic makeup; Phenotype: expression of genetic makeup
Research approaches for genetic predisposition include adoption, family, and twin methods
Biochemistry: too many receptor sites, too easily excited, or excess/lack of neurotransmitters (serotonin linked to depression, dopamine linked to schizophrenia
Psychological treatments can be used despite biological basis; specific biological factors may vary depending on the disorder.

Psychological Paradigms

Psychoanalytic: Freud believed psychopathology stems from unresolved conflicts in psychosexual stages.
Three elements of the mind: id (pleasure principle), superego (conscience), ego (reality principle).
Freud's ideas, despite wide rejection, remain in some forms of therapy and thinking, particularly those that focus on childhood experiences, unconscious influences, and defense mechanisms.
Shorter psychodynamic therapies (e.g., Interpersonal Therapy) use quicker assessments and are symptom-focused.
Humanistic: Less emphasis on causes; focus on potential for growth and reaching full potential.
Key figures include Carl Rogers. Three core therapeutic qualities: unconditional positive regard, genuineness, empathy.
Cognitive Behavioral: A very popular paradigm; combines behavioral and cognitive elements
Three types of learning: classical conditioning, operant learning, modelling.

Assessment, Classification, and Diagnosis

Reliability: consistency of measurement; Inter-rater (agreement between clinicians), test-retest, alternate-form, internal consistency
Validity: measures what it's supposed to; content, concurrent, predictive, construct.
Clinical Interviewing: typical initial method to understand the presenting problem.
Projective tests: clients project personality onto ambiguous stimuli (psychoanalytic).
Objective tests: questionnaires; most widely used is MMPI
Intelligence testing, Neuropsychological Assessment, Biological Assessment: used to infer brain dysfunction (deficit suggests brain damage). Biological imaging used to understand brain structure and functions.
Categorical vs Dimensional views on psychopathology: Debate whether disorders differ only in intensity or fundamentally in nature.

Anxiety, OCD, and PTSD

Panic Attacks: unexpected attacks with at least four symptoms and are distinct from those seen in other disorders.
Nature of Anxiety Disorders: panic disorder and agoraphobia are closely related, with agoraphobia sometimes occurring in the absence of a full-blown panic attack. Avoidant behaviors, self-focus, and post-event rumination are linked with different anxiety disorders.
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders: panic disorders: anxiety sensitivity, phobias: prepared learning, social anxiety: pre-event/event/post-event focus, avoidance and self-focus.
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective; exposure therapy is key and tailored to each disorder.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and related conditions: OCD is its own category in DSM-5; obsessions (distressing thoughts) are often countered with compulsions (behaviors or mental acts to reduce distress).
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Formerly part of the anxiety disorders category. Exposure therapy is the main psychological treatment approach.

Alcohol Use Disorder

Symptoms: impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and physical symptoms
Diagnosis requires a minimum of two symptoms. DSM-IV had two diagnoses: alcohol abuse (milder, 1 of 4 symptoms) and alcohol dependence (more severe).
DSM-5 merged these classifications into a single Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) category.
Impact of Problematic Alcohol Use: prevalence data, risky behaviors (drinking & driving, passenger in a drink-driver vehicle, drinking to excess/outcome). Long-term consequences include: liver disease, brain damage, cardiovascular disorders, fetal alcohol syndrome; both immediate and delayed.
Etiology of Alcohol Use Disorder: expectancies and motives play roles..
Treatments: abstinence-focussed (AA) vs harm-reduction (relapse prevention).

Mood Disorders

Mood disorders include depressive disorders (major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder).
Symptoms of Major Depressive Episode: minimum of 5 symptoms of depressed mood, loss of interest/pleasure, weight/appetite change, sleep disturbance, psychomotor agitation/retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, diminished concentration, recurrent thoughts of death/suicide, present most of the day, nearly every day for at least 2 weeks.
Symptoms of Mania/Hypomania: essentially same symptoms, time differences and severity are key distinctions. Mania (week or longer); elevated mood, irritability, unusually talkative, thoughts race, easily distracted. Hypomania (4 days or longer).
Etiology: Biological: genetics (bipolar is highly heritable), neurochemistry (low serotonin/norepinephrine in depression; high norepinephrine in mania); Neuroendocrine (高 cortisol levels sometimes). Psychological: stress, learned helplessness models(lack of control, attributional style, hopelessness leads to depression), stress.
Treatment: Biological and psychological treatments for MDD; medication, CBT, Interpersonal Therapy. Prevention of future relapse.

Eating Disorders

Eating disorders involve a concern about weight/shape and/or appearance and possible physical complications that can lead to death. Myth of only female victims.
Classifications: binge eating disorder (binges only), bulimia nervosa (binges and purging), anorexia nervosa (low body weight, fears of gaining weight, distorted self-image).
Symptoms: anorexia nervosa (low body weight, fear of gaining weight, lack of concern about low weight, distorted self image); bulimia nervosa (binge eating and compensatory behaviors), binge eating disorder (binge eating without compensatory behaviors).
Medical consequences: low body weight (anorexia), self-induced vomiting (anorexia/bulimia), compensatory behaviors.
Treatment: CBT, combination of CBT and weight loss strategies, some psychotropic medications. Anorexia may not respond as well to medications as other conditions.

Schizophrenia

A serious form of psychopathology with significant disability.
Symptoms: hallucinations (false sensory experiences), delusions (false beliefs), disorganized speech/behavior, negative symptoms.
Classification: schizophrenia (at least two symptoms, one must include delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech; active phase for at least one month, total duration for at least 6 months), brief psychotic disorder (short period of psychotic symptoms), schizophreniform disorder (symptoms less than 6 months), schizoaffective disorder (mood and psychotic symptoms), delusional disorder (delusions with no other psychotic symptoms). Five subtypes in the past (paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual) but more reliability and validity concerns and significant overlap make these subtypes unreliable. Catatonia is a psychomotor condition that can be present with schizophrenia.
Treatment: medication (conventional and atypical antipsychotics)

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Description

This quiz delves into mental and substance use disorders, covering various categories including substance abuse, mood disorders, and the definition of abnormal behavior. It also highlights prevalence rates and essential factors that define abnormality in behavior. Test your knowledge on these critical mental health topics.