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Questions and Answers
What is the fundamental principle underlying Mendel's first law of segregation?
Gametes only have 1 allele, and after fertilization, the zygote will have 1 allele from the paternal and one from the maternal.
What is the key difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross?
A monohybrid cross involves 2 alleles at a single gene locus, whereas a dihybrid cross involves 2 loci or 2 gene loci.
How do the recessive and dominant alleles interact in the F1 generation of a monohybrid cross?
The recessive trait is hidden by the presence of the dominant gene.
What is the ratio of offspring produced in a dihybrid cross, and what law of Mendel does it obey?
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What is the term used to describe the inheritance pattern that follows both Mendel's first and second laws?
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What is the primary purpose of the Chi-squared test in the context of hypothesis testing?
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What is the difference between a dominant trait and a recessive trait in the context of pedigree analysis?
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What is the characteristic of an autosomal dominant trait, and provide two examples of such traits?
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What is the genetic mutation that causes sickle cell anaemia, and what is the resulting effect on the alpha chain?
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What is the key difference between X-linked recessive and X-linked dominant diseases, and how do they affect the sexes?
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What is the characteristic of a Y-linked disease, and how does it affect the sexes?
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Study Notes
Monohybrid Cross
- Involves 2 alleles at a single gene locus
- Traits are not lost in F1 generation
- Recessive trait is hidden by the presence of the dominant gene
Mendel's Laws
- Law of Segregation: Gametes only have 1 allele, and after fertilization, the zygote will have 1 allele from paternal and one from maternal
- Law of Independent Assortment: During gamete formation, pairs of alleles of different traits separate independently from each other, and different traits are inherited independently of each other
Dihybrid Cross
- Involves 2 gene loci
- Produces a ratio of 9:3:3:1
Statistical Analysis
- Chi-squared test is used to predict expected numbers based on a hypothesis
- Comparison to critical value is made to either accept or reject the hypothesis
Pedigree Analysis
- Presentation of Family Information: Depicts phenotypes and predicts family information
- Dominant Trait: In every generation, at least one individual will be affected
- Recessive Trait: Can affect individuals when neither parent is affected
- Inconclusive Pedigrees: Arise due to small family, could be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive
Inheritance Patterns
- Autosomal Dominant: Affects both males and females, e.g., polydactyly and Huntington disease
- Autosomal Recessive: Affects individuals when both parents are carriers, e.g., cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia
- Sickle Cell Anemia: Caused by a point mutation in the alpha chain from glutamate to valine
- X-Linked Diseases: Higher chance in males than females, e.g., X-linked recessive disease
- Y-Linked Diseases: Only affect males
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Description
Test your understanding of Mendel's laws, including the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment, and how they relate to monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
