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Questions and Answers
Which of these are examples of long-term memory?
Which of these are examples of long-term memory?
What is the term for the ability to remember things better when they are presented at the beginning of a list?
What is the term for the ability to remember things better when they are presented at the beginning of a list?
Primacy effect
What type of memory is specifically related to personal experiences?
What type of memory is specifically related to personal experiences?
Episodic memory
Semantic memory is a type of implicit memory.
Semantic memory is a type of implicit memory.
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The ______ is the process by which an organism learns a new association between two stimuli.
The ______ is the process by which an organism learns a new association between two stimuli.
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Which of these statements is TRUE regarding implicit memory?
Which of these statements is TRUE regarding implicit memory?
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Patients with amnesia are always unable to learn new skills or procedures.
Patients with amnesia are always unable to learn new skills or procedures.
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What is the term used to describe the improvement in memory that occurs when the information being memorized is significantly changed?
What is the term used to describe the improvement in memory that occurs when the information being memorized is significantly changed?
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Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:
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Which of the following are examples of short-term memory coding? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are examples of short-term memory coding? (Select all that apply)
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Which type of memory refers to our knowledge of facts and general information?
Which type of memory refers to our knowledge of facts and general information?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of episodic memory?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of episodic memory?
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What is the most common type of implicit memory?
What is the most common type of implicit memory?
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The primacy effect suggests we remember information better when it is presented at the end of a list.
The primacy effect suggests we remember information better when it is presented at the end of a list.
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Patient H.M.'s surgery removed his hippocampus, which resulted in an inability to form any new long-term memories.
Patient H.M.'s surgery removed his hippocampus, which resulted in an inability to form any new long-term memories.
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What brain region is known to be involved in maintaining novel information in memory during short delays?
What brain region is known to be involved in maintaining novel information in memory during short delays?
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Implicit memory occurs when learning from experience is accompanied by conscious remembering.
Implicit memory occurs when learning from experience is accompanied by conscious remembering.
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What type of memory is demonstrated when someone can ride a bike without consciously remembering how they learned to do it?
What type of memory is demonstrated when someone can ride a bike without consciously remembering how they learned to do it?
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What is the term for the presentation of a priming stimulus that changes a person's response to a test stimulus?
What is the term for the presentation of a priming stimulus that changes a person's response to a test stimulus?
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Classical conditioning is a process of associating two stimuli together.
Classical conditioning is a process of associating two stimuli together.
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The propaganda effect suggests that people are more likely to rate statements that they have previously heard as being true, regardless of whether they actually heard them before.
The propaganda effect suggests that people are more likely to rate statements that they have previously heard as being true, regardless of whether they actually heard them before.
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Which of the following is considered an unconditioned response in classical conditioning?
Which of the following is considered an unconditioned response in classical conditioning?
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Amnesia typically affects a person's ability to form new explicit memories, but not their ability to form new implicit memories.
Amnesia typically affects a person's ability to form new explicit memories, but not their ability to form new implicit memories.
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What is the process involved in acquiring information and transforming it into memory?
What is the process involved in acquiring information and transforming it into memory?
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What is the process of transferring information from long-term memory to working memory?
What is the process of transferring information from long-term memory to working memory?
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What is the repetition of stimuli that maintains information but does not transfer it into long-term memory?
What is the repetition of stimuli that maintains information but does not transfer it into long-term memory?
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What strategy uses meanings and connections to transfer information to long-term memory?
What strategy uses meanings and connections to transfer information to long-term memory?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of shallow processing?
Which of the following is NOT an example of shallow processing?
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According to Craik and Tulving, which of the following processing methods is the deepest?
According to Craik and Tulving, which of the following processing methods is the deepest?
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Visual imagery can be used to aid encoding.
Visual imagery can be used to aid encoding.
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The self-reference effect happens when you relate information back to yourself.
The self-reference effect happens when you relate information back to yourself.
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The generation effect is when you passively receive information.
The generation effect is when you passively receive information.
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Retrieval practice involves answering practice test questions.
Retrieval practice involves answering practice test questions.
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Highlighting is an effective studying technique.
Highlighting is an effective studying technique.
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Elaborative interrogation involves asking "why" to help create deeper understanding and explanations.
Elaborative interrogation involves asking "why" to help create deeper understanding and explanations.
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Retrieval refers to the process of transforming information from long-term memory back into working memory.
Retrieval refers to the process of transforming information from long-term memory back into working memory.
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Matching encoding and retrieval conditions refers to matching the context of encoding and retrieval.
Matching encoding and retrieval conditions refers to matching the context of encoding and retrieval.
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Retrieval cues can help us remember specific information stored in memory.
Retrieval cues can help us remember specific information stored in memory.
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The state-dependent learning is a concept that explains how our internal mood can affect our retrieval of memories.
The state-dependent learning is a concept that explains how our internal mood can affect our retrieval of memories.
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Transfer appropriate processing involves matching the task or type of processing involved during encoding and retrieval.
Transfer appropriate processing involves matching the task or type of processing involved during encoding and retrieval.
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The "illusion of learning" occurs when we overestimate our ability to remember information.
The "illusion of learning" occurs when we overestimate our ability to remember information.
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Consolidation is the process converting new memories from a fragile state to a more permanent state.
Consolidation is the process converting new memories from a fragile state to a more permanent state.
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Over time, memories can become altered in the consolidation process.
Over time, memories can become altered in the consolidation process.
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Synaptic consolidation takes place over minutes or hours.
Synaptic consolidation takes place over minutes or hours.
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Systems consolidation takes place over months or years.
Systems consolidation takes place over months or years.
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The hippocampus is only involved in the retrieval of recent memories.
The hippocampus is only involved in the retrieval of recent memories.
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The hippocampus is activated at a different speed and at a different level of the nervous system compared to other areas of the brain.
The hippocampus is activated at a different speed and at a different level of the nervous system compared to other areas of the brain.
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The strengthening of connections between existing neurons can lead to Long-Term Potentiation (LTP).
The strengthening of connections between existing neurons can lead to Long-Term Potentiation (LTP).
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The standard model of consolidation suggests that connections between the cortex and hippocampus are initially weak.
The standard model of consolidation suggests that connections between the cortex and hippocampus are initially weak.
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Cross-cortical consolidation refers to the formation of connections between cortical areas.
Cross-cortical consolidation refers to the formation of connections between cortical areas.
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Sleep can enhance memory consolidation.
Sleep can enhance memory consolidation.
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Sleep prevents interference from environmental stimuli.
Sleep prevents interference from environmental stimuli.
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Memories consolidated during sleep are more likely to be recalled later.
Memories consolidated during sleep are more likely to be recalled later.
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Stickgold and Walker (2013) proposed that emotional value of memories can influence their priority for consolidation during sleep.
Stickgold and Walker (2013) proposed that emotional value of memories can influence their priority for consolidation during sleep.
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Retrograde amnesia is a type of memory loss that affects events prior to a traumatic incident.
Retrograde amnesia is a type of memory loss that affects events prior to a traumatic incident.
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Graded amnesia refers to loss of memory for recent events only, while remote memories remain intact.
Graded amnesia refers to loss of memory for recent events only, while remote memories remain intact.
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Reconsolidation is the process of retrieving memories, making them fragile, and then consolidating them again.
Reconsolidation is the process of retrieving memories, making them fragile, and then consolidating them again.
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The rat experiment by Nader and colleagues (2000) demonstrated that reactivated memories can be reconsolidated.
The rat experiment by Nader and colleagues (2000) demonstrated that reactivated memories can be reconsolidated.
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Human reconsolidation experiment by Hupbach and colleagues (2007) confirms that memories are constantly being remodeled in response to learning and experiences.
Human reconsolidation experiment by Hupbach and colleagues (2007) confirms that memories are constantly being remodeled in response to learning and experiences.
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Posttraumatic stress disorder can trigger severe emotional responses to traumatic memories, leading to involuntary retrieval of those memories.
Posttraumatic stress disorder can trigger severe emotional responses to traumatic memories, leading to involuntary retrieval of those memories.
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The episodic memory performance remains stable until 60 years; after that, it gradually declines.
The episodic memory performance remains stable until 60 years; after that, it gradually declines.
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Semantic memory performance increases steadily until 60 years and then decreases.
Semantic memory performance increases steadily until 60 years and then decreases.
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Semantic memory can influence our perception of events.
Semantic memory can influence our perception of events.
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Explicit memory includes both episodic and semantic memories.
Explicit memory includes both episodic and semantic memories.
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Autobiographical memories are only semantic in nature.
Autobiographical memories are only semantic in nature.
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Episodic memories are more likely to fade into semantic memories over time.
Episodic memories are more likely to fade into semantic memories over time.
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Personal semantic memories have personal significance.
Personal semantic memories have personal significance.
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The forgetting process is all-or-nothing in nature.
The forgetting process is all-or-nothing in nature.
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Recollection refers to semantic memory retrieval.
Recollection refers to semantic memory retrieval.
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Semanticization of remote memories occurs when we lose episodic details and retain only general knowledge about the event.
Semanticization of remote memories occurs when we lose episodic details and retain only general knowledge about the event.
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Implicit memory requires conscious effort to recall information.
Implicit memory requires conscious effort to recall information.
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Procedural memory often involves motor skills, such as riding a bike.
Procedural memory often involves motor skills, such as riding a bike.
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Patients with amnesia can still learn new skills.
Patients with amnesia can still learn new skills.
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Priming involves presenting a test stimulus and observing a person's response.
Priming involves presenting a test stimulus and observing a person's response.
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Repetition priming occurs when the test stimulus is the same or similar to the priming stimulus.
Repetition priming occurs when the test stimulus is the same or similar to the priming stimulus.
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Amnesic patients performed worse than medical inpatients and alcoholic controls on recall tests.
Amnesic patients performed worse than medical inpatients and alcoholic controls on recall tests.
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Incidental encoding tasks are designed to minimize the chances that people with normal memory will remember the priming stimulus.
Incidental encoding tasks are designed to minimize the chances that people with normal memory will remember the priming stimulus.
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The "propaganda effect" suggests that people are more likely to rate statements as true if they have already read or heard them before.
The "propaganda effect" suggests that people are more likely to rate statements as true if they have already read or heard them before.
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Classical conditioning involves associating two stimuli, one of which elicits a reflex response.
Classical conditioning involves associating two stimuli, one of which elicits a reflex response.
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Conditioning in real-life scenarios is often linked to emotional reactions.
Conditioning in real-life scenarios is often linked to emotional reactions.
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Ivan Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in physiology for his work on digestion.
Ivan Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in physiology for his work on digestion.
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An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response.
An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response.
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A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
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Patients who have lost their episodic memory are often unable to imagine personal future events.
Patients who have lost their episodic memory are often unable to imagine personal future events.
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Addis et al. (2007) found that the brain regions active during past events were also active during future events.
Addis et al. (2007) found that the brain regions active during past events were also active during future events.
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The constructive episodic simulation hypothesis proposes that episodic memories can be used to create simulations of future events.
The constructive episodic simulation hypothesis proposes that episodic memories can be used to create simulations of future events.
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Our ability to simulate future events can help us anticipate future needs and guide our behavior.
Our ability to simulate future events can help us anticipate future needs and guide our behavior.
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What are the three main categories of long-term memory?
What are the three main categories of long-term memory?
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Which of these is an example of episodic memory?
Which of these is an example of episodic memory?
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Which of these is an example of semantic memory?
Which of these is an example of semantic memory?
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Which of these is an example of procedural memory?
Which of these is an example of procedural memory?
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The serial position curve demonstrates that items at the beginning of a list are more likely to be remembered than items at the end.
The serial position curve demonstrates that items at the beginning of a list are more likely to be remembered than items at the end.
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What does the 'encoding specificity' principle refer to?
What does the 'encoding specificity' principle refer to?
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What is the difference between 'consolidation' and 'reconsolidation'?
What is the difference between 'consolidation' and 'reconsolidation'?
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What is the 'propaganda effect'?
What is the 'propaganda effect'?
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What are the key components of classical conditioning?
What are the key components of classical conditioning?
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Patients who have lost their episodic memory due to brain damage are unable to imagine personal future events.
Patients who have lost their episodic memory due to brain damage are unable to imagine personal future events.
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Study Notes
Memory Systems
- Memory systems are divided into different types, such as short-term and long-term memory.
- Long-term memory includes episodic, semantic, and procedural memory.
- Episodic memory involves personal experiences (mental time travel).
- Semantic memory involves facts and general knowledge.
- Memory systems interact and share mechanisms.
- Information can be coded visually, auditorily, or semantically in short-term and long-term memory.
- Example visual coding: mentally creating a picture
- Example auditory coding: playing a song in one's head
- Example semantic coding: storing meaning of words.
Long-Term Memory Types
- Long-term memory stores information from a few moments ago to a lifetime.
- More recent memories are more detailed than older memories.
- Autobiographical memory combines episodic (personal events) with semantic (factual) components.
- Explicit memories are conscious, like episodic and semantic.
- Implicit memories are unconscious, include procedural memory (skills), priming (change in response), and conditioning (learned association).
Serial Position Curve
- Serial position curve: analyzing memory recall based on order of presentation.
- Primacy effect: better recall of items at the beginning of a list (rehearsal in LTM).
- Recency effect: better recall of items at the end of a list (still in working memory).
Coding in STM and LTM
- STM and LTM differ in how information is coded (represented).
- Visual coding (images), auditory coding (sounds), and semantic coding (meaning).
Memory and the Brain
- Patient H.M.: surgery removed hippocampus, inability to transfer information to LTM, but STM remained intact.
- Patient K.F., parietal lobe damage, showed double dissociation.
- Hippocampus is involved in maintaining novel or new information during short delays in memory.
- Episodic and semantic memory belong to explicit memory and can be conscious and deliberate.
- Different brain regions active during remembering past events and imagining the future.
Memory Performance Over Time
- Episodic memory performance is constant until around age 60, then it declines.
- Semantic memory increases until around age 60, then it stays stable or slightly declines.
- Knowledge of a topic influences how we experience an event
- Autobiographical memory: memories of personal episodes.
- Explicit memories (episodic and semantic) & Implicit memories (procedural, priming & conditioning).
Implicit Memory
- Implicit memory occurs without conscious recollection.
- Procedural memory: knowing how to do things (e.g., riding a bike).
- Priming: changes in response to a stimulus due to prior exposure.
- Conditioning: learning association between two stimuli
- Amnesiac patients show little loss of implicit memory (especially procedural).
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning: associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR).
- Neutral stimuli paired with UCS to create CS eventually triggering CR.
Constructive Episodic Simulation Hypothesis
- Combining episodic memories to simulate future events.
- Helps anticipate future needs and guide future behaviours.
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Description
Explore the different types of memory systems, including short-term and long-term memory. Learn about various categories of long-term memory, such as episodic, semantic, and procedural, along with the mechanisms that allow them to interact. This quiz will test your understanding of how we store and recall information.
