Memory Studies Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What did Wagenaar (1986) include when recording his diary?

Both events and cues.

According to Gluck and Bluck (2007), which type of memories are more frequently reported?

  • Negative
  • Positive (correct)
  • Neutral

    • In Rubin, Groth, and Goldsmith's (1984) study, smell-cued memories were reported at older ages compared to word-cued memories.

    False

    What did Berntsen and Thomsen (2005) research?

    <p>The memory of Danes who lived through World War II, focusing on the invasion and liberation of Denmark.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Neisser and Harsch (1992) research?

    <p>The accuracy of flashbulb memories using the Challenger space shuttle disaster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Talarico and Rubin (2003) found that flashbulb memories are forgotten more quickly than everyday memories.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Berntsen (1996) do in his study?

    <p>Conducted a diary study to examine the emotional valence of involuntary memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of Walker, Vogl, and Thompson's (1997) study?

    <p>The emotional intensity of autobiographical memories over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conway, Wang, Hanyu, and Haque (2005) determined that the reminiscence bump is not a universal phenomenon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the two main points of Storm and Jobe's (2012) research.

    <p>Positive bias and difficulty accessing negative memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lindholm and Christianson (1998), what is the term for the tendency to choose information that confirms a previously held belief?

    <p>Confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific detail about the 'schemas abt crimes' study, conducted by Lindsay, Allen, Chan, and Dahl (2004) suggests that people may have a hard time reliably remembering information?

    <p>Participants who heard a similar story in the first condition falsely recalled more information regarding the robbery event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common finding between Biggs, Brockmole, and Witt's (2013) study and Bruce et al.'s (1999) research?

    <p>Both studies highlighted the impact of visual attention when it comes to facial recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surprising finding did Davis, Loftus, Vanous, and Cucciare (2008) discover regarding the impact of unconscious transference?

    <p>An innocent bystander was selected as the perpetrator in 26% of the cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main conclusion from Wilson, Seale-Carlisle and Mickes' (2018) study on verbal overshadowing?

    <p>Describing a perpetrator immediately can negatively impact recognition accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique did Gabbert, Hope, Fisher, and Jamieson (2012) utilize to explore the misinformation effect?

    <p>Participants were presented with misinformation after initially recalling an event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major strength of cognitive interviewing, as emphasized by Geiselman, Fisher, Mackinnon, and Holland (1985)?

    <p>Cognitive interviewing aims to improve the accuracy of recall by encouraging the retrieval of a wide range of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Jones, Dwyer, and Lewis (2017) research regarding the use of visual information in memory creation and recall?

    <p>They assessed the impact of using different angles of images on the accuracy of recognition tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Charman, Wells, and Joy (2011) concluded that the 'Dud Effect' is a significant factor in minimizing eyewitness errors, even when using diverse lineups.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The impact of the 'Flynn effect' is attributed solely to advancements in technology and the use of digital media.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between STM (Short-Term Memory) and WM (Working Memory) that Bopp and Verhaeghen (2005) highlighted?

    <p>Working memory is more sensitive to age than Short-Term Memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Riby, Perfect, and Stollery (2004), what type of tasks do older adults demonstrate greater difficulty performing?

    <p>Tasks involving multitasking and cognitive control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinction between the recall and recognition tasks used in Craik and McDowd's (1987) research on word pairings?

    <p>Recall involved retrieving the learned word based on the initial phrase, while recognition involved identifying the learned word among a list of distractors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key premise behind Castel, Benjamin, Craik, and Watkins' (2002) research on value-directed remembering?

    <p>People prioritize remembering information that is deemed as valuable and worthy of greater effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Castel (2005), how do schemas play a role in memory?

    <p>Schemas can impact what information is remembered and how it is recalled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difficulty for older adults when it comes to name-face recognition, as observed by Naveh-Benjamin, Guez, and Shulman (2004)?

    <p>Older adults have a significantly harder time associating names with faces when performing the task without any other concurrent activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Rahhal, May, and Hasher's (2002) study, which type of information are older adults better at recalling when the source is meaningful?

    <p>Conceptual informations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Colcombe and Kramer (2003) discovered that incorporating a strength and aerobic exercise program has no impact on cognitive functions in older adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rahhal, Hasher, and Colcombe's (2001) study revealed no major differences in memory performance based on instruction type (memory emphasis vs neutral) between older and younger adults.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saxton et al. (2001) established that while speed of comprehension declines with age, the ability to quickly identify specific words remains unaffected.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Klooster, Tranel, and Duff (2020), which group consistently performed best on semantic memory tasks?

    <p>Control group (CA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    May, Hasher, and Foong's (2006) research focused on the impact of which biological factor on memory performance?

    <p>Circadian rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Beatty et al. (1987) find regarding the relationship between hypoxia, retrograde amnesia, and episodic and semantic memory?

    <p>Hypoxia resulted in decreased performance, affecting both episodic and semantic memory, specifically causing a decrease in retrograde amnesia, which is the loss of memories from before the onset of amnesia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes autobiographical memories from semantic memories, according to Kopelman, Wilson, and Baddeley (1990)?

    <p>Autobiographical memory focuses on personal experiences, while semantic memory encompasses general factual knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Graf, Squire, and Mandler's (1984) study examined the performance of individuals with amnesia on shallow and deep tasks. What was the significant finding?

    <p>Individuals with Korsakoff's syndrome, depression, or anoxia were found to perform poorly on recall tasks often used in tests of episodic memory, indicating a difficulty in recalling specific experiences and events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cohen and Squire (1980) discovered that individuals with amnesia consistently demonstrated a significant lack of memory for individual recall items.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Yarnell and Lynch's (1970) study on the memory of dazed football players revealed that they consistently demonstrated a strong capacity to recall events that occurred up to 20 minutes prior to becoming dazed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Konkel, Warren, Duff, Tranel, and Cohen's (2008) exploration of episodic memory deficits in individuals with amnesia discovered that their performance on item memory tasks far exceeded their performance in spatial, associate, and sequential memory tasks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Corkin's (1968) primary research finding with regard to patient HM and procedural memory?

    <p>Patient HM exhibited better performance on procedural memory tasks compared to typical controls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wilson and Baddeley (1988) discovered that individuals with meningitis generally experienced significant impairments in both semantic and procedural memory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Kopelman's (1985) research, adults with Alzheimer's or Korsakoff's syndrome demonstrated a significantly faster rate of forgetting information compared to control participants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Baddeley et al.'s (1986) study on Working Memory (WM) demonstrated a marked difference in the memory performance of younger, older, and individuals with Alzheimer's disease when performing dual-task conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of using a dual-task condition in research regarding cognitive aging?

    <p>Dual-task conditions can effectively highlight the cognitive decline in aging, as they add an additional layer of cognitive demand, potentially revealing discrepancies in performance that might not be apparent with single-task measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory Studies

    • Wagenaar (1986): Collected diary data for six years, showing better memory recall with more cues (who, what, when, where). "Who, what, and where" cues were more effective than just "when" cues.

    • Gluck and Bluck (2007): Used memory probe method on 650 participants, finding positive memories recalled more readily than negative or neutral memories, with easier recall from specific life periods.

    • Rubin, Groth, and Goldsmith (1984): Demonstrated that cues like smells can trigger memories, recalled at earlier ages and more emotionally charged compared to word-based cues.

    • Berntsen and Thomsen (2005): Studied WWII memories in Denmark, showing that memories involving social/emotional involvement (like resistance) led to more accurate flashbulb memories.

    • Neisser and Harsch (1992): Challenger disaster flashbulb memory study, revealing that these memories are not as accurate as people believe, even though they are often felt as highly confident and vivid. Confidence ratings were high despite inaccuracies.

    • Talarico and Rubin (2003): Investigated 9/11 and everyday memories, finding no significant difference in forgetting rates for flashbulb and regular memories; the perceived difference lies in the "vividness" and feeling of permanence.

    Additional Memory Studies

    • Berntsen (1996): Emotional valence of involuntary memories; positive/neutral more recalled than negative.

    • Walker, Vogl, and Thompson (1997): Track emotional intensity decline of memories over time. Found more significant drop for negative memories, supporting the idea that emotional intensity is a critical factor.

    • Conway, et al. (2005): Looked at reminiscence bump (ages of highest memory recall), finding it's a universal phenomenon across cultures despite cultural differences in content.

    • Storm and Jobe (2012): Explored positive bias and negative memory retrieval difficulty.

    • Lindholm and Christianson (1998): Confirmation bias in eyewitness accounts when viewing a crime/video and picking perpetrators.

    • Lindsay, et al. (2004): Misinformation effect and source monitoring errors.

    • Biggs, et al. (2013): Focus on weapon-related memory biases in eyewitness accounts of events.

    • Bruce et al. (1999): Face recognition across different viewpoints and duration of videos. Watching longer videos didn't necessarily improve recognition.

    • Davis, et al. (2008): Unconscious transference in eyewitness accounts.

    • Wilson, Seale-Carlisle, and Mickes (2018): Verbal overshadowing in recall, immediate recall vs delayed.

    • Gabbert, et al. (2012): Misinformation effect on memory recall; immediate recall vs. delayed recall.

    • Geiselman, et al. (1985): Cognitive interviewing techniques and their effect on memory recall.

    • Jones, et al. (2017): Video/image manipulation improves accuracy of event recognition

    • Charman, Wells, and Joy (2011): Simultaneous vs. Sequential line-ups for eyewitnesses and recall performance.

    • Wells, Steblay, and Dysart (2015): Effect of eyewitness lineup types on identifying innocent individuals, simultaneous vs sequential lineups.

    • Wixted et al. (2016): Real-world crimes eyewitness accounts; effect of lineup type (simultaneous or sequential) on witness confidence and accuracy.

    • Park and Reuter-Lorenz (2009): Speed processing vs. aging and Cognitive performance over lifespan

    • Ronnlund and Nilsson (2009): Aging effects on memory

    • Castel (2005): Influence of schemas on memory, realism of memory retrieval.

    • Naveh-Benjamin, Guez, and Shulman (2004): Name-face recognition difficulty in older adults.

    • Rahhal, May, and Hasher (2002): Performance of verbal memory in older adults in name-recognition tasks.

    • Colcombe and Kramer (2003): Exercise and cognitive improvement in older adults

    • Rahhal, Hasher, & Colcombe (2001): Stereotypes about aging influence cognition.

    • Saxston et al. (2001): Comprehension speed/memory tasks compared to tasks like "spot the word".

    • Klooster, Tranel, and Duff (2020): Amnesia studies and memory over time.

    • May, Hasher, and Foong (2006): Circadian rhythms, memory, and time of day effect on explicit/implicit memory task performance.

    • Beatty et al. (1987): Patient MRL's study and retrograde amnesia.

    • Kopelman (1985): Memory impairment in conditions like Alzheimer's, Korsakoff.

    • Baddeley et al. (1986): Working memory tasks in different age groups, amnesia

    • Graf, Squire, and Mandler (1984): Memory processes and impairments in amnesia group (procedural & episodic memory)

    • Cohen and Squire (1980): Learning mirror-writing and the effects of amnesia on motor skill memory

    • Yarnell and Lynch (1970): Football player's memory study.

    • Konkel, Warren, Duff, Tranel, and Cohen (2008): Episodic memory study on cognitive tasks; item, spatial, and sequential memory deficits.

    • Corkin (1968): Procedural memory in patient HM, compared to control group.

    • Wilson and Baddeley (1988): Task performance of patient HM on rotary pursuit tasks compared to controls.

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    Memory Research PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key memory studies and the factors that enhance or hinder memory recall. This quiz covers influential research from Wagenaar, Gluck, Rubin, and others, exploring the effects of cues and emotional involvement on memory accuracy.

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