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Questions and Answers
What is the role of phonological storage in memory?
Which type of memory is involved with unique personal experiences?
What is the defining characteristic of retrograde amnesia?
Which memory process involves maintaining information for later use?
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What does the episodic buffer do in working memory?
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What defines metacognition?
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What are mnemonists known for?
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Which phenomenon involves an enhanced sensory experience, like tasting colors?
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What is the definition of encoding in memory processes?
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Which type of recall involves remembering items in their original order?
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What is the primary difference between implicit and explicit memory?
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Which component of working memory is responsible for holding visual images?
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What term is used to describe extremely long-term memory that forms after significant learning and experience?
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The self-reference effect suggests that memory retention is enhanced when information is encoded in relation to what?
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What is the function of the phonological loop in working memory?
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Which of the following best describes cues used in cued recall?
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Study Notes
Memory Basics
- Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information, serving as a record of experience.
Memory Processes
- Encoding: Transforming sensory data into mental representations.
- Storage: Keeping encoded information in memory for future use.
- Retrieval: Accessing or using stored information.
Recall vs Recognition
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Recall: Act of retrieving information from the past.
- Serial Recall: Recalling items in the exact order.
- Free Recall: Recalling items in any order.
- Cued Recall: Using aids or cues to retrieve information.
- Recognition: Identifying previously exposed items.
Types of Memory
- Implicit Memory: Information used without conscious awareness; automatic.
- Explicit Memory: Information consciously recalled.
Models of Memory
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Sensory Store: Holds information for a few seconds; limited capacity.
- Iconic Store: Visual images recalled for milliseconds after their disappearance.
- Short-Term Store: Limited capacity and duration for information maintenance.
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Long-Term Memory: Capable of storing information for extended periods.
- Permastore: Extremely long-lasting memory following significant learning or experience.
Hypothetical Constructs
- Concepts that are not directly observable, such as motivation and anxiety.
Encoding Strategies
- Self-Reference Effect: Better retention of information referenced to self.
- Self-Schema: Imprinting experiences to aid memory.
- Within-item Elaboration: Encoding individual items.
- Between-item Elaboration: Relating features of each item.
Working Memory Components
- Visuospatial Sketchpad: Briefly holds visual images (e.g., location of a car).
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Phonological Loop: Holds verbal and auditory information (e.g., phone number).
- Phonological Storage: Maintains information in memory.
- Subvocal Rehearsal: Rehearsing speech sounds mentally.
- Central Executive: Controls processing in working memory.
- Subsidiary Slave System: Handles cognitive or perceptual tasks.
- Episodic Buffer: Integrates information from various sources into unified memory.
Types of Memory Systems
- Semantic Memory: General world knowledge (e.g., neighbor's names).
- Episodic Memory: Personal experiences and daily life events.
Additional Concepts
- Parallel Processing: Simultaneous management of multiple stimuli.
- Spreading Activation: Knowledge organization based on personal experiences.
- Mnemonists: Techniques for effective memorization.
- Synesthesia: Sensory crossovers (e.g., seeing shapes when hearing music).
Memory Deficits
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Amnesia: Severe loss of explicit memory.
- Retrograde Amnesia: Memory loss for events prior to trauma.
- Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to remember events post-trauma.
- Infantile Amnesia: Inability to recall early childhood events.
- Alzheimer's Disease: Affects older adults, leading to dementia.
- Dementia: Severe loss of intellectual function impairing daily life.
Memory Processes Overview
- Encoding: Transformation of sensory inputs into memory representations.
- Storage: Creating a permanent record of information.
- Retrieval: Accessing stored information.
- Short-Term Storage: Capacity to hold small amounts of information briefly.
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Long-Term Storage: Retaining memories over extended periods.
- Interference: Memories can hinder retrieval of others.
- Decay: Loss of facts due to the passage of time.
Research Techniques
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): Assesses brain areas involved in encoding and retrieval.
Metacognitive Strategies
- Metamemory Strategies: Techniques to enhance learning and memory retention.
- Metacognition: The awareness and control over one’s cognitive processes, including self-monitoring and self-regulation.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Dive into the foundational concepts of memory, including how our brains encode, store, and retrieve information. This quiz will explore the differences between recall and recognition, covering important methods like serial and free recall. Test your understanding of these crucial cognitive processes.
