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Questions and Answers
What type of coding is primarily used in Short-Term Memory?
What type of coding is primarily used in Short-Term Memory?
What is the estimated capacity of Short-Term Memory according to Miller?
What is the estimated capacity of Short-Term Memory according to Miller?
According to Peterson and Peterson's research, what happens to memory recall after 18 seconds without rehearsal?
According to Peterson and Peterson's research, what happens to memory recall after 18 seconds without rehearsal?
How long can information typically be retained in Short-Term Memory without rehearsal?
How long can information typically be retained in Short-Term Memory without rehearsal?
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What strategy can increase the capacity of Short-Term Memory?
What strategy can increase the capacity of Short-Term Memory?
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What is a major criticism of Short-Term Memory research?
What is a major criticism of Short-Term Memory research?
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How is information primarily encoded in Long-Term Memory?
How is information primarily encoded in Long-Term Memory?
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What is the capacity of Long-Term Memory considered to be?
What is the capacity of Long-Term Memory considered to be?
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What is the primary goal of the Cognitive Interview?
What is the primary goal of the Cognitive Interview?
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Who developed the Cognitive Interview?
Who developed the Cognitive Interview?
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Which of the following is NOT a key technique used in the Cognitive Interview?
Which of the following is NOT a key technique used in the Cognitive Interview?
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What impact does anxiety have on memory recall according to the research discussed?
What impact does anxiety have on memory recall according to the research discussed?
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What does Bahrick et al. (1975) suggest about long-term memory (LTM)?
What does Bahrick et al. (1975) suggest about long-term memory (LTM)?
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What is one major limitation of field studies mentioned in the content?
What is one major limitation of field studies mentioned in the content?
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Which study emphasizes the coding differences between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM)?
Which study emphasizes the coding differences between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM)?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between memory retrieval and witness mental state during the Cognitive Interview?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between memory retrieval and witness mental state during the Cognitive Interview?
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What does the term 'memory distortion' refer to in the context of eyewitness testimony?
What does the term 'memory distortion' refer to in the context of eyewitness testimony?
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What is one strength of long-term memory highlighted in the content?
What is one strength of long-term memory highlighted in the content?
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According to Tulving's Theory (1985), what does the MSM's view of LTM overlook?
According to Tulving's Theory (1985), what does the MSM's view of LTM overlook?
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Why is eyewitness testimony often considered unreliable?
Why is eyewitness testimony often considered unreliable?
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What limitation does the content mention regarding the rehearsal-only view of memory?
What limitation does the content mention regarding the rehearsal-only view of memory?
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What aspect of long-term memory does rehearsal primarily influence?
What aspect of long-term memory does rehearsal primarily influence?
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Which capacity was confirmed by Peterson and Peterson (1959)?
Which capacity was confirmed by Peterson and Peterson (1959)?
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Which of the following is an implication of the findings from studies on long-term memory?
Which of the following is an implication of the findings from studies on long-term memory?
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What brain area was primarily activated during the retrieval of semantic memories?
What brain area was primarily activated during the retrieval of semantic memories?
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What type of memory remained intact in Clive Wearing despite his amnesia?
What type of memory remained intact in Clive Wearing despite his amnesia?
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What is a limitation of the neuroimaging study conducted in the research?
What is a limitation of the neuroimaging study conducted in the research?
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What conclusion can be drawn from the neuroimaging evidence regarding memory types?
What conclusion can be drawn from the neuroimaging evidence regarding memory types?
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What aspect of Clive Wearing's case study provides strong evidence for the existence of separate memory stores?
What aspect of Clive Wearing's case study provides strong evidence for the existence of separate memory stores?
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How does the inclusion of neuroimaging techniques impact the evaluation of memory studies?
How does the inclusion of neuroimaging techniques impact the evaluation of memory studies?
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What is the primary goal of context reinstatement in eyewitness testimony?
What is the primary goal of context reinstatement in eyewitness testimony?
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What is a potential application of understanding the separate types of long-term memory?
What is a potential application of understanding the separate types of long-term memory?
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What does Clive Wearing's case illustrate about the effects of amnesia on memory?
What does Clive Wearing's case illustrate about the effects of amnesia on memory?
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Which technique involves asking witnesses to recall events in a non-chronological order?
Which technique involves asking witnesses to recall events in a non-chronological order?
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How does the 'Report Everything' technique benefit memory recall?
How does the 'Report Everything' technique benefit memory recall?
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What does changing perspective help the witness to do?
What does changing perspective help the witness to do?
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Which example best illustrates the 'Change Perspective' technique?
Which example best illustrates the 'Change Perspective' technique?
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Why is it beneficial to change the order of recall in eyewitness interviews?
Why is it beneficial to change the order of recall in eyewitness interviews?
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What is an example of a cue that might be used in context reinstatement?
What is an example of a cue that might be used in context reinstatement?
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What aspect of the 'Report Everything' technique might witnesses overlook?
What aspect of the 'Report Everything' technique might witnesses overlook?
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What is the primary function of the episodic buffer in the working memory model?
What is the primary function of the episodic buffer in the working memory model?
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What is the typical capacity of the episodic buffer?
What is the typical capacity of the episodic buffer?
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Which brain area is primarily associated with the episodic buffer?
Which brain area is primarily associated with the episodic buffer?
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How does the episodic buffer enhance the explanatory power of the working memory model?
How does the episodic buffer enhance the explanatory power of the working memory model?
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What limitation is associated with the episodic buffer?
What limitation is associated with the episodic buffer?
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What type of coding does the episodic buffer utilize?
What type of coding does the episodic buffer utilize?
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The episodic buffer allows us to link which types of information?
The episodic buffer allows us to link which types of information?
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What evidence supports the role of the episodic buffer in integrating multimodal data?
What evidence supports the role of the episodic buffer in integrating multimodal data?
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Study Notes
Memory Models
- The multi-store model of memory describes memory as a linear process with three distinct stores: Sensory Register, Short-Term Memory (STM), and Long-Term Memory (LTM).
- Information moves sequentially from one store to the next.
- Attention and rehearsal are essential processes for transferring information between stores.
Sensory Register (SR)
- The first stage in the multi-store model
- Sensory information from the environment briefly enters the memory system.
- Information coded according to modality: visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic).
- Coding is automatic; no conscious control.
- Capacity: Very large, can hold vast amounts of sensory data briefly (Sperling, 1960).
- Duration: Very short (milliseconds to seconds); iconic memory lasts approximately 0.5 seconds, while echoic memory lasts 2-4 seconds.
Short-Term Memory (STM)
- Where attended information is processed briefly before being forgotten or transferred to LTM through rehearsal.
- Coding: Primarily acoustic (sound-based).
- Capacity: Limited to 7 ± 2 items (Miller, 1956); chunking can increase capacity.
- Duration: Short (18-30 seconds) without rehearsal (Peterson & Peterson, 1959).
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- Store for information that has been rehearsed sufficiently and can be potentially held indefinitely.
- Coding: Primarily semantic (meaning-based).
- Capacity: Virtually unlimited.
- Duration: Potentially lifelong.
Working Memory Model (WMM)
- A model of STM, proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974).
- More complex than the multi-store model, suggesting STM consists of multiple components rather than a single store.
- Components include: central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer.
- Central Executive: Controls attention and allocates resources to other components; has limited capacity.
- Phonological Loop: Processes and holds auditory information (verbal and auditory).
- Visuospatial Sketchpad: Processes visual and spatial information.
- Episodic Buffer: Integrates information from other components (PL, VSS, and LTM) into a single, coherent memory trace; acts as a bridge between working memory and long-term memory.
Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony (EWT)
- Misleading information (leading questions and post-event discussion).
- Anxiety: High anxiety can either impair or enhance recall depending on the level of anxiety.
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Description
Test your understanding of the multi-store model of memory, including the stages of Sensory Register, Short-Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory. This quiz will cover key concepts and processes such as attention and rehearsal that influence memory transfer. Challenge yourself and see how well you grasp the dynamics of memory!