Memory Models Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of coding is primarily used in Short-Term Memory?

  • Visual encoding
  • Semantic encoding
  • Acoustic encoding (correct)
  • Spatial encoding

What is the estimated capacity of Short-Term Memory according to Miller?

  • 6 ± 1 items
  • 8 ± 1 items
  • 7 ± 2 items (correct)
  • 5 ± 2 items

According to Peterson and Peterson's research, what happens to memory recall after 18 seconds without rehearsal?

  • Recall is unchanged
  • Recall improves significantly
  • Participants struggle to recall accurately (correct)
  • Participants recall most items correctly

How long can information typically be retained in Short-Term Memory without rehearsal?

<p>18 to 30 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy can increase the capacity of Short-Term Memory?

<p>Chunking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major criticism of Short-Term Memory research?

<p>It oversimplifies memory as a unitary store (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is information primarily encoded in Long-Term Memory?

<p>Semantically (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the capacity of Long-Term Memory considered to be?

<p>Virtually unlimited (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Cognitive Interview?

<p>To improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the Cognitive Interview?

<p>Fisher and Geiselman (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key technique used in the Cognitive Interview?

<p>Leading questions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does anxiety have on memory recall according to the research discussed?

<p>It can impair or enhance recall depending on the level of anxiety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Bahrick et al. (1975) suggest about long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>LTM can last decades or even a lifetime. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major limitation of field studies mentioned in the content?

<p>Artificial tasks used in studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study emphasizes the coding differences between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM)?

<p>Baddeley (1966) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between memory retrieval and witness mental state during the Cognitive Interview?

<p>Witness mental state can positively influence memory retrieval (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'memory distortion' refer to in the context of eyewitness testimony?

<p>The alteration of recollections due to suggestive questioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one strength of long-term memory highlighted in the content?

<p>LTM can store vast amounts of information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Tulving's Theory (1985), what does the MSM's view of LTM overlook?

<p>The existence of different types of memories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is eyewitness testimony often considered unreliable?

<p>It can be influenced by various external factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation does the content mention regarding the rehearsal-only view of memory?

<p>Flashbulb memories can be stored without rehearsal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of long-term memory does rehearsal primarily influence?

<p>The retention of information over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which capacity was confirmed by Peterson and Peterson (1959)?

<p>STM retains information briefly unless rehearsed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an implication of the findings from studies on long-term memory?

<p>Semantic understanding is critical for long-term retention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What brain area was primarily activated during the retrieval of semantic memories?

<p>Left prefrontal cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory remained intact in Clive Wearing despite his amnesia?

<p>Procedural memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the neuroimaging study conducted in the research?

<p>Limited sample size (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn from the neuroimaging evidence regarding memory types?

<p>There are distinct brain areas for different memory types. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Clive Wearing's case study provides strong evidence for the existence of separate memory stores?

<p>His procedural memory remained unaffected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the inclusion of neuroimaging techniques impact the evaluation of memory studies?

<p>It enhances the findings with objective data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of context reinstatement in eyewitness testimony?

<p>To help witnesses remember the event more vividly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential application of understanding the separate types of long-term memory?

<p>Targeting specific memory areas in treatments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Clive Wearing's case illustrate about the effects of amnesia on memory?

<p>Different types of long-term memory can be selectively impaired. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique involves asking witnesses to recall events in a non-chronological order?

<p>Change Order (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'Report Everything' technique benefit memory recall?

<p>It may reveal connections to other memories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does changing perspective help the witness to do?

<p>Overcome the influence of schemas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates the 'Change Perspective' technique?

<p>Describing the event from the point of view of another witness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it beneficial to change the order of recall in eyewitness interviews?

<p>It reduces the risk of memory distortions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a cue that might be used in context reinstatement?

<p>The weather conditions at the time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the 'Report Everything' technique might witnesses overlook?

<p>Details that seem unimportant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the episodic buffer in the working memory model?

<p>To integrate information into cohesive memory episodes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical capacity of the episodic buffer?

<p>4 chunks of information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is primarily associated with the episodic buffer?

<p>Prefrontal cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the episodic buffer enhance the explanatory power of the working memory model?

<p>By explaining the formation of complex episodic memories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is associated with the episodic buffer?

<p>It has limited empirical support and ambiguous function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of coding does the episodic buffer utilize?

<p>Multimodal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The episodic buffer allows us to link which types of information?

<p>Visual, spatial, and verbal information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports the role of the episodic buffer in integrating multimodal data?

<p>fMRI scans showing brain activity during tasks requiring both visual and verbal information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A temporary memory store where information is processed for a short time before being forgotten or moved to long-term memory

Coding in STM

Primarily acoustic, meaning information is encoded based on sound.

STM Capacity

Limited to about 7 ± 2 items (chunks).

Chunking

Grouping information to increase STM capacity.

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STM Duration

About 18-30 seconds without rehearsal.

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Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A permanent memory store holding information that can be retrieved later.

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Coding in LTM

Primarily semantic, meaning information is encoded based on its meaning.

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LTM Capacity

Virtually unlimited; no known limit on how much information can be stored.

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LTM Capacity

Long-Term Memory's ability to store large amounts of information for extended periods.

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LTM Duration

How long information remains stored in Long-Term Memory; potentially lifelong.

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STM Duration

Short-Term Memory's limited duration—information fades quickly without rehearsal.

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STM Capacity (Miller)

Short-Term Memory's limited capacity of approximately 7 ± 2 items.

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STM Coding (Baddeley)

Short-Term Memory primarily uses acoustic coding.

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LTM Coding (Baddeley)

Long-Term Memory primarily uses semantic coding.

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Sensory Register Capacity

Large, but fleeting storage of sensory information.

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Tulving's Theory

LTM contains different types (episodic, semantic, procedural)

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Episodic Buffer Function

Integrates information from different parts of working memory (PL, VSS, LTM) to create a cohesive memory episode.

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Episodic Buffer Coding

Handles visual and auditory information to form a unified representation, combining different types of information.

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Episodic Buffer Capacity

Its capacity is limited, typically around 4 chunks of information.

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EB role in WMM

Acts as a bridge connecting short-term memory with long-term memory, integrating information to create meaningful episodes.

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WMM Central Executive Role

Controls attention and allocates mental resources to different tasks.

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WMM Phonological Loop Role

Handles verbal and auditory information.

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VSS role in WMM

Processes visual and spatial information.

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EB Support from Research

Research (like Prabhakaran et al., 2000) using fMRI showed brain activity during multi-sensory tasks, suggesting the EB integrates that information.

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Cognitive Interview

A structured interview technique aimed at improving eyewitness memory accuracy by using specific psychological principles.

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Eyewitness Testimony (EWT)

Account given by someone who has witnessed a crime or event, used in courts.

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Anxiety's impact on memory

Emotional arousal can strengthen or weaken memory recall, depending on the level of anxiety and individual differences.

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Field Study Limitations

Field studies often lack control over variables and might have artificial tasks, affecting their validity.

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Improving EWT Accuracy

Techniques like the cognitive interview are used to enhance the reliability and accuracy of witness accounts.

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Cognitive Interview Techniques

Methods employed in the Cognitive Interview involving changing context and recall prompts to improve accuracy.

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Fisher and Geiselman (1992)

The researchers who developed the Cognitive Interview.

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Lack of Control in Field Studies

The difficulty of controlling all elements in studies conducted in real-world or natural settings.

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Context Reinstatement

Encouraging a witness to mentally revisit an event's environment, emotions, and details to aid memory retrieval.

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Report Everything

Recalling all details, even seemingly irrelevant ones, to reconstruct the event accurately.

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Change Perspective

Recalling an event from another person's viewpoint or different location to reduce schema influence.

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Change Order

Recalling an event in a reversed or non-chronological order to avoid memory distortions based on expectations.

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Memory Retrieval Cues

Stimuli or prompts that trigger specific memories.

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Schema Influence

Pre-existing knowledge or expectations that can distort memory recall.

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Memory Distortion

An inaccurate or altered recollection of past events.

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Memory Reconstruction

The process of piecing together memories from multiple details.

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Neuroimaging Study (1989)

A study using PET scans to identify different brain areas activated during episodic and semantic memory retrieval.

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Episodic Memory

Memory for personal experiences and events.

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Semantic Memory

Memory for general knowledge and facts.

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Clive Wearing Case Study

A case study showing how severe amnesia can affect different types of LTM.

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Procedural Memory

Memory for skills and actions, often automatic.

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Different LTM Stores

Long-Term Memory (LTM) is not a single, unified system but has different components.

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Tulving's Theory

LTM is comprised of separate stores, such as episodic, semantic, and procedural.

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Scientific Credibility of Neuroimaging

Neuroimaging techniques (like PET scans) provide objective evidence of brain activity related to memory.

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Study Notes

Memory Models

  • The multi-store model of memory describes memory as a linear process with three distinct stores: Sensory Register, Short-Term Memory (STM), and Long-Term Memory (LTM).
  • Information moves sequentially from one store to the next.
  • Attention and rehearsal are essential processes for transferring information between stores.

Sensory Register (SR)

  • The first stage in the multi-store model
  • Sensory information from the environment briefly enters the memory system.
  • Information coded according to modality: visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic).
  • Coding is automatic; no conscious control.
  • Capacity: Very large, can hold vast amounts of sensory data briefly (Sperling, 1960).
  • Duration: Very short (milliseconds to seconds); iconic memory lasts approximately 0.5 seconds, while echoic memory lasts 2-4 seconds.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

  • Where attended information is processed briefly before being forgotten or transferred to LTM through rehearsal.
  • Coding: Primarily acoustic (sound-based).
  • Capacity: Limited to 7 ± 2 items (Miller, 1956); chunking can increase capacity.
  • Duration: Short (18-30 seconds) without rehearsal (Peterson & Peterson, 1959).

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

  • Store for information that has been rehearsed sufficiently and can be potentially held indefinitely.
  • Coding: Primarily semantic (meaning-based).
  • Capacity: Virtually unlimited.
  • Duration: Potentially lifelong.

Working Memory Model (WMM)

  • A model of STM, proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974).
  • More complex than the multi-store model, suggesting STM consists of multiple components rather than a single store.
  • Components include: central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer.
  • Central Executive: Controls attention and allocates resources to other components; has limited capacity.
  • Phonological Loop: Processes and holds auditory information (verbal and auditory).
  • Visuospatial Sketchpad: Processes visual and spatial information.
  • Episodic Buffer: Integrates information from other components (PL, VSS, and LTM) into a single, coherent memory trace; acts as a bridge between working memory and long-term memory.

Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony (EWT)

  • Misleading information (leading questions and post-event discussion).
  • Anxiety: High anxiety can either impair or enhance recall depending on the level of anxiety.

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Related Documents

Psychology Memory Notes PDF

Description

Test your understanding of the multi-store model of memory, including the stages of Sensory Register, Short-Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory. This quiz will cover key concepts and processes such as attention and rehearsal that influence memory transfer. Challenge yourself and see how well you grasp the dynamics of memory!

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