Memory & Forgetting
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Questions and Answers

What is the process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into long-term stores?

  • Reconsolidation
  • Encoding
  • Retrieval
  • Consolidation (correct)

What type of memory is responsible for storing skills and habits?

  • Declarative or Explicit Memory
  • Non-Declarative or Implicit Memory (correct)
  • Long Term Memory
  • Short Term Memory

What is the term for the neural change responsible for the retention or storage of knowledge?

  • Memory Trace (correct)
  • Learning
  • Cognition
  • Active Practice

What is the process of retrieving specific information from memory stores?

<p>Retrieval (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of memory that stores information about facts and events?

<p>Declarative or Explicit Memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of recycling newly acquired information through the short term memory?

<p>Active Practice or Rehearsal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which explicit memory can be converted to implicit memory?

<p>Long-term potentiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory explains how the level of processing of information affects memory?

<p>Level of Processing theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which memories are subject to personal experiences and therefore can change?

<p>Distortion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Thorndike (1914), what is the name of the process by which information is lost due to lack of use?

<p>Decay (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the failure to access stored information, even though it is intact?

<p>Retrieval failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the system of storage that helps in remembering the location of things?

<p>Cue dependency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Memory and Forgetting

  • Memory: storage of acquired knowledge for later recall
  • Learning: acquisition of knowledge or skills as a result of experience, instruction, or both
  • Memory trace: neural change responsible for retention or storage of knowledge
  • Cognition: the mental process by which we come to understand and learn

Three Main Elements of Memory

  • Encoding: capture and acquisition of novel information
  • Storage: integration and permanent representation of information
  • Retrieval: access to information when needed

Types of Memory

  • Short Term Memory
  • Long Term Memory
  • Two Forms of Long-Term Memory:
    • Declarative or Explicit Memory (2 sub-types) • Facts (semantic) • Events (episodic)
    • Non-Declarative or Implicit Memory (4 sub-types) • Priming • Procedural (skills) memory • Associative learning (include motor & emotional memories) • Non-associative learning (include habituation & sensitization)

Multi-Store Model of Memory

  • Storage: • Sensory Memory • Short-Term Memory • Long-Term Memory
  • Retrieval

Alternatives to the Multi-Store Model of Memory

    1. Working Memory Model
    1. Level of Processing theory

Theories of Forgetting

    1. Repression & suppression: deliberately avoid recalling unpleasant, displeasing, negative, or traumatic experiences
    1. Distortion: Memories are subject to personal experiences and therefore can change
    1. Interference: Whatever we learn now or have learnt in past is influenced by other information that we acquire
    1. Decay (Thorndike, 1914): Progressive decline or loss of information as a result of lack of use
    1. Retrieval slowdown & failure: Stored information is available and intact but (i) failure to access it & (ii) access is slow
    1. Cue dependency: In order to remember where things are one needs to have a system of storage

Effects of Substances on Memory

    1. Alcohol
    1. Benzodiazepines
    1. Sleep

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Test your knowledge on the concepts of memory, including the multi-store model, types of memory storage, and theories of forgetting. Learn about the definition of memory, learning and other related concepts.

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