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Questions and Answers
What is the process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into long-term stores?
What is the process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into long-term stores?
What type of memory is responsible for storing skills and habits?
What type of memory is responsible for storing skills and habits?
What is the term for the neural change responsible for the retention or storage of knowledge?
What is the term for the neural change responsible for the retention or storage of knowledge?
What is the process of retrieving specific information from memory stores?
What is the process of retrieving specific information from memory stores?
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What is the type of memory that stores information about facts and events?
What is the type of memory that stores information about facts and events?
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What is the process of recycling newly acquired information through the short term memory?
What is the process of recycling newly acquired information through the short term memory?
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What is the process by which explicit memory can be converted to implicit memory?
What is the process by which explicit memory can be converted to implicit memory?
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Which theory explains how the level of processing of information affects memory?
Which theory explains how the level of processing of information affects memory?
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What is the name of the process by which memories are subject to personal experiences and therefore can change?
What is the name of the process by which memories are subject to personal experiences and therefore can change?
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According to Thorndike (1914), what is the name of the process by which information is lost due to lack of use?
According to Thorndike (1914), what is the name of the process by which information is lost due to lack of use?
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What is the term for the failure to access stored information, even though it is intact?
What is the term for the failure to access stored information, even though it is intact?
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What is the term for the system of storage that helps in remembering the location of things?
What is the term for the system of storage that helps in remembering the location of things?
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Study Notes
Memory and Forgetting
- Memory: storage of acquired knowledge for later recall
- Learning: acquisition of knowledge or skills as a result of experience, instruction, or both
- Memory trace: neural change responsible for retention or storage of knowledge
- Cognition: the mental process by which we come to understand and learn
Three Main Elements of Memory
- Encoding: capture and acquisition of novel information
- Storage: integration and permanent representation of information
- Retrieval: access to information when needed
Types of Memory
- Short Term Memory
- Long Term Memory
- Two Forms of Long-Term Memory:
- Declarative or Explicit Memory (2 sub-types) • Facts (semantic) • Events (episodic)
- Non-Declarative or Implicit Memory (4 sub-types) • Priming • Procedural (skills) memory • Associative learning (include motor & emotional memories) • Non-associative learning (include habituation & sensitization)
Multi-Store Model of Memory
- Storage: • Sensory Memory • Short-Term Memory • Long-Term Memory
- Retrieval
Alternatives to the Multi-Store Model of Memory
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- Working Memory Model
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- Level of Processing theory
Theories of Forgetting
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- Repression & suppression: deliberately avoid recalling unpleasant, displeasing, negative, or traumatic experiences
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- Distortion: Memories are subject to personal experiences and therefore can change
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- Interference: Whatever we learn now or have learnt in past is influenced by other information that we acquire
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- Decay (Thorndike, 1914): Progressive decline or loss of information as a result of lack of use
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- Retrieval slowdown & failure: Stored information is available and intact but (i) failure to access it & (ii) access is slow
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- Cue dependency: In order to remember where things are one needs to have a system of storage
Effects of Substances on Memory
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- Alcohol
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- Benzodiazepines
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- Sleep
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Description
Test your knowledge on the concepts of memory, including the multi-store model, types of memory storage, and theories of forgetting. Learn about the definition of memory, learning and other related concepts.
