Memory Experiment Analysis

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Questions and Answers

What was the sample duration used in the experiment described?

  • 300 ms
  • 500 ms
  • 100 ms (correct)
  • 200 ms

What type of task was employed in addition to detecting a color change?

  • Orientation change task (correct)
  • Contrast task
  • Shape recognition task
  • Speed task

How was performance assessed in the experiment for detecting changes?

  • By auditory response
  • By response time
  • By percentage accuracy (correct)
  • By visual acuity

In the study, which combinations of features were compared for their performance?

<p>Conjunction of features versus simple features (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the criterion used for indicating the changed item in the cue box?

<p>Color of the item (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the first set of experiments conducted?

<p>Examining working memory capacity for simple colours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many items could be accurately retained in working memory according to the findings?

<p>About four items (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What methodology was used to compare memory for simple features and integrated objects?

<p>Sequential comparison task (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did small set sizes have on the perception of the bars?

<p>Minimized illusory conjunctions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the test phase, how long was the presentation of the test array?

<p>2000 ms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific type of information was assessed to ensure pure visual memory capacity?

<p>Visual information independent of verbal memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the duration of the blank delay interval between the sample and test arrays?

<p>900 ms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation was placed on the sample arrays to avoid perceptual issues?

<p>Objects needed to be widely spaced (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which set size corresponds to a Per cent Correct of 75 for the Cue box?

<p>2 (A), 4 (B), 6 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors are assessed alongside orientation in the Cue box performance?

<p>Colour and Conjunction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum Per cent Correct recorded in the presented data?

<p>100 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which set size does the Per cent Correct drop to 50?

<p>4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor in the performance data for Cue box?

<p>Texture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In relation to large and small squares, what is observed at a Per cent Correct of 75?

<p>No significant difference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'integrated object percepts' refer to in the context?

<p>The combination of multiple visual features into a single perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which performance factor is mentioned in observing large and small squares?

<p>Conjunction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Ras-GRF signalling play in synaptic events?

<p>It is crucial for the formation of long-term memories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family of receptors is involved in activating Ras proteins?

<p>Growth-factor receptors of the tyrosine kinase family. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study primarily addressed selective attention in visual information organization?

<p>Duncan's selective attention research. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a mechanism that leads to Ras activation?

<p>Inhibition by protein degradation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which article addresses illusory conjunctions in relation to attention?

<p>Cohen and Ivry's research. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the range of trials each observer received in each condition?

<p>32–40 trials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was maintained as a constant across the sample arrays used in the experiments?

<p>The centre-to-centre distance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition was manipulated alongside set size in the experiments?

<p>Verbal load (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different colours were used to create the stimulus arrays?

<p>7 different colours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In how many percent of the trials was one feature of an item in the test array different from the sample array?

<p>50% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sample array sizes were used in the experiments shown in Fig. 1b?

<p>4, 8, 12 items (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the size of each coloured square used in the stimulus arrays?

<p>0.65 x 0.65 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where were the stimulus arrays presented during the experiments?

<p>On a video monitor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn about how attention is directed in visual perception?

<p>Attention is focused on entire objects rather than their individual features. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the visual working memory experiments, how can two features of an object be reported?

<p>As accurately as if only one feature was presented. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the stimulus arrays kept the subjects from encoding individual features independently?

<p>Varying feature dimensions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of using black rectangles in the experiment?

<p>It allowed for the focus on the orientation feature only. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the experiment suggest about the limits of linking features in object representation?

<p>The number of features that can be linked is at least four. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'integrated object percepts' refer to in the context of visual memory?

<p>The simultaneous storage of all features as a single perception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the high accuracy in feature retention suggest about visual working memory?

<p>It allows for the retention of multiple features when associated with fewer objects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was it important to vary both color and orientation in the conjunction conditions of the experiment?

<p>To prevent the encoding of features in isolation from one another. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Working Memory Capacity

The number of items that can be accurately remembered in working memory.

Sequential Comparison Task

A task where participants have to determine if a test array is identical to a previously presented sample array.

Illusory Conjunctions

A type of error that occurs when features from different items are combined into a single object.

Delay Interval

The amount of time that passes between the presentation of a stimulus and the presentation of a test item.

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Concurrent Verbal Load

A research technique where participants perform a task while simultaneously being given a verbal load, like remembering numbers.

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Feature Memory

An experiment where participants are asked to remember a single feature, like the color of an object.

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Object Memory

An experiment where participants are asked to remember an object defined by multiple features, like color and shape.

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Single Feature Discrimination

An experiment where participants are asked to identify if a test array is identical to a sample array, but the test array only varies in one feature (e.g., color or orientation).

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Attention

The act of focusing mental resources on specific aspects of a scene or information.

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Working memory

A mental process of holding and manipulating information for a short period of time. It's like a temporary mental workspace.

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Conjunction search

The ability to remember the combination of two or more features belonging to the same object, like the color and shape of a square.

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Integrated object percept

A mental representation of an object that combines its individual features, like color, shape, and size, into a single cohesive whole.

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Capacity of working memory and objects

The ability to retain information more effectively when it's associated with a small number of objects. It's easier to remember features of fewer objects.

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Encoding

The process of encoding information into working memory, allowing us to remember it for a short period of time.

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Feature binding

The ability to accurately recall two or more features of an object even if only one feature is relevant to the task, indicating that our cognitive system processes information holistically rather than individually.

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Capacity of working memory and features

The finding that we can store visual information about several objects in working memory, but the number of features we can associate with each object is limited.

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Visual Change Detection Task

A task where participants are asked to detect changes in a visual display, specifically focusing on changes in features like color or orientation.

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Set Size

The number of items that can be accurately remembered in a short-term memory task.

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Cued Visual Change Detection Task

A type of visual change detection task where participants are given a cue indicating which item in the display might have changed.

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Performance

A measure of how well participants can detect changes in visual displays.

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Conjunction Task

A condition in visual change detection tasks where participants are asked to remember multiple features of an object, such as color and orientation.

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Ras/MAP Kinase Pathway and Long-Term Memory

Ras/MAP kinase pathway is involved in the creation of long-term memories by influencing synaptic events.

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Study Notes

Visual Working Memory Capacity

  • Visual working memory can store information about features (e.g., color, orientation) and conjunctions of features (e.g., color and orientation).
  • Capacity is approximately four items for simple features (color or orientation).
  • The capacity remains four items even when a verbal memory load is added.
  • Memory capacity is not affected by variations in sample stimulus duration (time allowed for viewing stimuli).
  • The capacity is not affected by decision making processes (if the number of decisions needed increases with set size).
  • Capacity is similar for different feature types (color and orientation).
  • Visual working memory stores integrated objects, not individual features; conjunctions of features can be stored as effectively as simple features.
  • The capacity remains the same, regardless of the number of features in each object, as long as the features are grouped into a small number of objects.

Experiment Methods

  • Subjects viewed sample and test arrays separated by a delay.
  • The arrays contained colored squares or oriented rectangles.
  • Subjects indicated if the arrays were identical or differed in terms of a single feature.
  • Performance accuracy was measured as a function of the number of items (set size) in the array.
  • Control experiments were conducted to rule out confounding factors such as verbal memory load and decision processes.
  • Subjects were tested with varying sample duration using methods like partial-report procedures to examine encoding and decision factors.

Results

  • Accuracy in remembering colors is highest for arrays of 1–3 items, decreasing significantly with set sizes of 4–12.
  • Capacity is about 4 items, similar to previous estimates for alphanumeric characters.
  • A verbal memory load did not affect color-based performance.
  • Longer sample durations did not significantly improve performance, indicating that perceived encoding is not a limiting factor.
  • Memory for objects defined by conjunction of features (e.g., color and orientation simultaneously) demonstrated the same capacity as for single features (color or orientation only).
  • Capacity for visual working memory is tied to objects rather than individual features.

Implications

  • Visual working memory's capacity is limited to a small number of integrated objects, rather than individual features.
  • These findings have implications for models of visual working memory, suggesting a mechanism for binding features into coherent objects could be employed.

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Related Documents

Visual Working Memory Capacity (Luck & Vogel 1997) PDF

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