Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the sample duration used in the experiment described?
What was the sample duration used in the experiment described?
What type of task was employed in addition to detecting a color change?
What type of task was employed in addition to detecting a color change?
How was performance assessed in the experiment for detecting changes?
How was performance assessed in the experiment for detecting changes?
In the study, which combinations of features were compared for their performance?
In the study, which combinations of features were compared for their performance?
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What was the criterion used for indicating the changed item in the cue box?
What was the criterion used for indicating the changed item in the cue box?
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What was the primary focus of the first set of experiments conducted?
What was the primary focus of the first set of experiments conducted?
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How many items could be accurately retained in working memory according to the findings?
How many items could be accurately retained in working memory according to the findings?
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What methodology was used to compare memory for simple features and integrated objects?
What methodology was used to compare memory for simple features and integrated objects?
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What effect did small set sizes have on the perception of the bars?
What effect did small set sizes have on the perception of the bars?
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During the test phase, how long was the presentation of the test array?
During the test phase, how long was the presentation of the test array?
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What specific type of information was assessed to ensure pure visual memory capacity?
What specific type of information was assessed to ensure pure visual memory capacity?
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What was the duration of the blank delay interval between the sample and test arrays?
What was the duration of the blank delay interval between the sample and test arrays?
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What limitation was placed on the sample arrays to avoid perceptual issues?
What limitation was placed on the sample arrays to avoid perceptual issues?
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Which set size corresponds to a Per cent Correct of 75 for the Cue box?
Which set size corresponds to a Per cent Correct of 75 for the Cue box?
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What factors are assessed alongside orientation in the Cue box performance?
What factors are assessed alongside orientation in the Cue box performance?
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What is the maximum Per cent Correct recorded in the presented data?
What is the maximum Per cent Correct recorded in the presented data?
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At which set size does the Per cent Correct drop to 50?
At which set size does the Per cent Correct drop to 50?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor in the performance data for Cue box?
Which of the following is NOT a factor in the performance data for Cue box?
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In relation to large and small squares, what is observed at a Per cent Correct of 75?
In relation to large and small squares, what is observed at a Per cent Correct of 75?
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What does the term 'integrated object percepts' refer to in the context?
What does the term 'integrated object percepts' refer to in the context?
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Which performance factor is mentioned in observing large and small squares?
Which performance factor is mentioned in observing large and small squares?
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What role does Ras-GRF signalling play in synaptic events?
What role does Ras-GRF signalling play in synaptic events?
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Which family of receptors is involved in activating Ras proteins?
Which family of receptors is involved in activating Ras proteins?
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Which study primarily addressed selective attention in visual information organization?
Which study primarily addressed selective attention in visual information organization?
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What is NOT a mechanism that leads to Ras activation?
What is NOT a mechanism that leads to Ras activation?
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Which article addresses illusory conjunctions in relation to attention?
Which article addresses illusory conjunctions in relation to attention?
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What was the range of trials each observer received in each condition?
What was the range of trials each observer received in each condition?
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What was maintained as a constant across the sample arrays used in the experiments?
What was maintained as a constant across the sample arrays used in the experiments?
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What condition was manipulated alongside set size in the experiments?
What condition was manipulated alongside set size in the experiments?
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How many different colours were used to create the stimulus arrays?
How many different colours were used to create the stimulus arrays?
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In how many percent of the trials was one feature of an item in the test array different from the sample array?
In how many percent of the trials was one feature of an item in the test array different from the sample array?
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Which sample array sizes were used in the experiments shown in Fig. 1b?
Which sample array sizes were used in the experiments shown in Fig. 1b?
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What was the size of each coloured square used in the stimulus arrays?
What was the size of each coloured square used in the stimulus arrays?
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Where were the stimulus arrays presented during the experiments?
Where were the stimulus arrays presented during the experiments?
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What conclusion can be drawn about how attention is directed in visual perception?
What conclusion can be drawn about how attention is directed in visual perception?
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In the visual working memory experiments, how can two features of an object be reported?
In the visual working memory experiments, how can two features of an object be reported?
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What aspect of the stimulus arrays kept the subjects from encoding individual features independently?
What aspect of the stimulus arrays kept the subjects from encoding individual features independently?
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What was the impact of using black rectangles in the experiment?
What was the impact of using black rectangles in the experiment?
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What does the experiment suggest about the limits of linking features in object representation?
What does the experiment suggest about the limits of linking features in object representation?
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What does the term 'integrated object percepts' refer to in the context of visual memory?
What does the term 'integrated object percepts' refer to in the context of visual memory?
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What does the high accuracy in feature retention suggest about visual working memory?
What does the high accuracy in feature retention suggest about visual working memory?
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Why was it important to vary both color and orientation in the conjunction conditions of the experiment?
Why was it important to vary both color and orientation in the conjunction conditions of the experiment?
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Study Notes
Visual Working Memory Capacity
- Visual working memory can store information about features (e.g., color, orientation) and conjunctions of features (e.g., color and orientation).
- Capacity is approximately four items for simple features (color or orientation).
- The capacity remains four items even when a verbal memory load is added.
- Memory capacity is not affected by variations in sample stimulus duration (time allowed for viewing stimuli).
- The capacity is not affected by decision making processes (if the number of decisions needed increases with set size).
- Capacity is similar for different feature types (color and orientation).
- Visual working memory stores integrated objects, not individual features; conjunctions of features can be stored as effectively as simple features.
- The capacity remains the same, regardless of the number of features in each object, as long as the features are grouped into a small number of objects.
Experiment Methods
- Subjects viewed sample and test arrays separated by a delay.
- The arrays contained colored squares or oriented rectangles.
- Subjects indicated if the arrays were identical or differed in terms of a single feature.
- Performance accuracy was measured as a function of the number of items (set size) in the array.
- Control experiments were conducted to rule out confounding factors such as verbal memory load and decision processes.
- Subjects were tested with varying sample duration using methods like partial-report procedures to examine encoding and decision factors.
Results
- Accuracy in remembering colors is highest for arrays of 1–3 items, decreasing significantly with set sizes of 4–12.
- Capacity is about 4 items, similar to previous estimates for alphanumeric characters.
- A verbal memory load did not affect color-based performance.
- Longer sample durations did not significantly improve performance, indicating that perceived encoding is not a limiting factor.
- Memory for objects defined by conjunction of features (e.g., color and orientation simultaneously) demonstrated the same capacity as for single features (color or orientation only).
- Capacity for visual working memory is tied to objects rather than individual features.
Implications
- Visual working memory's capacity is limited to a small number of integrated objects, rather than individual features.
- These findings have implications for models of visual working memory, suggesting a mechanism for binding features into coherent objects could be employed.
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Description
This quiz explores various aspects of a memory experiment, focusing on methodologies, performance assessment, and the effects of set sizes on memory retention. It covers key questions related to memory for simple features versus integrated objects, as well as the limitations implemented during the study. Test your understanding of visual memory concepts and experimental design!
