Loftus & Palmer Experiment 2 Analysis

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Questions and Answers

What effect could giving external rewards have on a child's intrinsic motivation for drawing?

It only affects children's technical skills

It enhances intrinsic motivation for drawing

It has no effect on intrinsic motivation

It undermines intrinsic motivation for drawing (correct)

In the context of task complexity, what is the suggested motivation type for complex or creative tasks?

Extrinsic motivation is most effective

Neither motivation type is effective

Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations should be used

Intrinsic motivation is preferred (correct)

What is a key finding from the mirror self-recognition test conducted on animals?

Only humans pass the mirror self-recognition test

Animals consistently treat their reflection as another animal initially (correct)

Animals never recognize themselves in mirrors

All animals show immediate self-directed behaviors with mirrors

What best characterizes the relationship between operant conditioning and motivation?

Operant conditioning involves providing rewards or punishments to shape behavior Signup and view all the answers

In the mirror self-recognition test, what characteristic of the animals indicates self-recognition?

Using the mirror for grooming or inspecting their body Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of using forced-choice objective questions in Loftus & Palmer's Experiment 2?

To minimize demand characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What critical question was posed to participants a week after they watched the accident video?

Did you see any broken glass? Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of participants in Loftus's 1975 study falsely recalled seeing a barn?

3% Signup and view all the answers

What is a key takeaway from Loftus and Palmer's research regarding memory?

Memory can be influenced by suggestive information Signup and view all the answers

What causes false memories according to the findings of Loftus & Palmer?

Subsequent recall is vulnerable to contamination Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary reason for the initial popularity of the concept of mirror neurons?

They were believed to serve as neurological evidence of empathy. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of empathy is most closely linked to the function of mirror neurons?

Affective empathy Signup and view all the answers

What key shift in perspective about the brain's role in behavior do the authors highlight?

Understanding the brain as a distributed network. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of empathy is NOT addressed by mirror neuron function?

Cognitive empathy Signup and view all the answers

What argument do the authors make against the restrictive isomorphic hypothesis (RIM)?

Empathy cannot be simplified into one concept. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of empathic concern refer to?

Desire and care for another's well-being. Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best captures the limitation of mirror neurons according to the provided content?

They are not equipped for cognitive empathy. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of empathic responses, what does the concept of 'mapping' refer to?

Linking someone else's emotions to personal sensory experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of affective empathy?

Feeling what someone else is feeling Signup and view all the answers

Which debate concerns the role of awareness in affective empathy?

Whether the person must be aware of the emotion source Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cognitive empathy from affective empathy?

Cognitive empathy focuses on understanding rather than feeling. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of affective empathy, what does emotional contagion refer to?

Feeling what someone else feels without necessarily realizing it. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the debates surrounding affective empathy?

There is disagreement about the similarity of emotions required. Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive empathy resemble according to the content?

The concept of ‘Theory of Mind’ Signup and view all the answers

Why should the definition of affective empathy be approached with caution?

It may lead to misunderstanding different empathetic responses. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of affective empathy is debated in terms of emotion similarity?

Whether high congruence between emotions is necessary Signup and view all the answers

How do flashbulb memories primarily differ from everyday memories?

They are more subjectively vivid but less accurate. Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive strategy is often used by individuals with exceptional memory abilities?

Chunking and spatial layout Signup and view all the answers

Which system in the dual cognitive systems model is responsible for quick and automatic decision-making?

System 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the major downside to using representativeness in decision-making?

It can cause insensitivity to base rates. Signup and view all the answers

Which example is likely a judgment made using System 1?

Responding to 1 + 1. Signup and view all the answers

How did Kahneman and Tversky illustrate the insensitivity to base rates?

By describing a person representative of a profession. Signup and view all the answers

What is the conjunction fallacy?

Believing a subset is more probable than the whole. Signup and view all the answers

What does System 2 processing require compared to System 1?

Deliberate thought and effort. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Loftus & Palmer (1974) Experiment 2

Experiment 2 was conducted to address the concern that participants in Experiment 1 may have been influenced by demand characteristics.
Participants were shown a video of a car accident and then asked a series of questions.
The critical question was about the speed of the cars, using different verb choices: "smashed" or "hit."
A week later, participants were asked if they had seen broken glass in the video (even though there was none).
Participants who had been asked the "smashed" question were more likely to report seeing broken glass, demonstrating the power of suggestion on memory.

Loftus (1975)

This study investigated if a larger object (a barn) could be falsely implanted into participants' memories through suggestion.
Participants were shown a series of slides depicting a car driving past a barn.
Some participants were asked a misleading question suggesting the presence of a barn, while others were not.
A significant percentage of participants who were asked the misleading question falsely reported seeing a barn, further evidencing the impact of suggestion on memory.

False Memories

False memories can occur and are often created by suggestion.
Each time a memory is recalled, it can be contaminated by other sources of information, leading to memory distortions.

Flashbulb Memories

Flashbulb memories are vivid and detailed memories, usually associated with highly emotional events.
They are perceived as more vivid than everyday memories, but their accuracy isn't guaranteed.
Like everyday memories, the accuracy of flashbulb memories tends to decline over time.

Photographic Memory

People with exceptional memory often use specific memory strategies, such as chunking and spatial layout, to enhance their recall.
These strategies are learned and practiced, rather than being an innate ability.

Dual Cognitive Systems Model

We have two distinct systems for processing information and making decisions.
System 1 is fast, automatic, and often uses mental shortcuts or heuristics. It is less accurate but requires less mental effort.
System 2 is slower, deliberate, and requires more effort. It is more accurate but uses more mental resources.

Representativeness Heuristic

This heuristic involves making judgments based on how well something matches a stereotype or representation.
It can lead to ignoring base rates, which are the actual probabilities of events.
Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated this by presenting participants with scenarios where they were more likely to choose an option based on its representativeness, despite its lower probability.

Conjunction Fallacy

This fallacy occurs when people judge the probability of two events happening together as being higher than the probability of either event happening alone.

Extrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards, such as bonuses or praise.
For simple or repetitive tasks, extrinsic motivation can increase performance.
For complex or creative tasks, extrinsic motivation can be detrimental to performance.

Intrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation comes from internal factors, such as enjoyment or interest.
It is often more effective for complex or creative tasks.

Self-Cognition

This refers to our understanding and knowledge of ourselves.
It includes our self-concept (our beliefs about who we are), our self-esteem (how we feel about ourselves), and our self-efficacy (our beliefs about our abilities).

Mirror Self-Recognition Test

This test is used to assess an organism's ability to recognise themselves.
Animals initially respond to their reflection as if it is another animal.
Over time, some animals, like chimpanzees, learn to use the mirror in a self-directed way, suggesting self-awareness.

Affective Empathy

This is the ability to feel what another person is feeling.
It is similar to emotional contagion.
There is debate about whether it requires awareness of the source of the emotion and whether the emotions need to be closely congruent.

Cognitive Empathy

This is the ability to understand another person's thoughts, feelings, and beliefs.
It is similar to Theory of Mind.
Debate exists on whether it is distinct from affective empathy.

Mirror Neurons

These neurons fire when an individual performs an action and when they observe another individual performing the same action.
They are thought to play a role in understanding and imitating others.
They are possibly linked to affective empathy, but not cognitive empathy.

RIM (Restrictive Isomorphic Hypothesis)

This hypothesis argues that there must be a close correspondence between the observed emotion and the empathetic response.
The authors of the Murphy et al (2022) paper argued against this view, suggesting that empathetic responses can be broader and more nuanced.

Empathic Concern

This is the desire to help or care for another person.
It is distinct from both cognitive and affective empathy.
It is not necessarily linked to mirror neurons.

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Description

Explore the key findings of Loftus & Palmer's Experiment 2, which examined the influence of wording on eyewitness memory. This quiz covers the methodology, results, and implications of the study on memory recall and suggestion. Test your understanding of how language can alter perceptions of events.