Questions and Answers
What is memory?
Learning that has persisted over time.
Which of the following are measures of retention?
What is recall?
Information that is not currently in your conscious awareness and is brought into it.
What is recognition?
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What is relearning?
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What is encoding?
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What is storage?
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What is retrieval?
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What is the three-stage processing model of memory?
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What is automatic processing?
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What is effortful processing?
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What is the spacing effect?
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What is the testing effect?
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What is self-reference testing?
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What is chunking?
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What are hierarchies?
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What is sensory memory?
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What is iconic memory?
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What is echoic memory?
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What is working memory?
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What is rehearsal?
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What is limited capacity in memory?
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What is long-term memory?
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What is implicit memory?
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What is procedural memory?
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What is explicit memory?
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What is episodic memory?
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What is semantic memory?
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What is retrograde amnesia?
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What is anterograde amnesia?
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What is context-dependent memory?
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What is state-dependent memory?
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What is mood-congruent memory?
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What is the serial position effect?
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What is encoding failure?
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What is storage decay?
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Study Notes
Key Concepts of Memory
- Memory is the ability to retain and retrieve information over time.
- Retention measures include recall, recognition, and relearning.
Measures of Memory Retention
- Recall involves retrieving information not currently in awareness.
- Recognition is the ability to identify previously sensed stimuli.
- Relearning assesses savings in time when re-learning material.
Memory Processes
- Encoding is the initial process of getting information into the brain.
- Storage refers to retaining encoded information over time.
- Retrieval is the act of accessing and bringing information out of memory.
Memory Models
- The Three-Stage Processing Model includes:
- Sensory Memory: captures brief, immediate sensory impressions.
- Short-Term (Working) Memory: handles active processing of information.
- Long-Term Memory: enables indefinite storage of information.
Types of Processing
- Automatic Processing occurs without conscious effort, typically related to implicit memory.
- Effortful Processing requires focused attention, rehearsal, and is linked to explicit memory.
Learning Techniques and Effects
- Spacing Effect emphasizes learning distributed over time.
- Testing Effect highlights the benefits of retrieval practice for retention.
- Self-reference Testing involves personally relevant encoding and recall.
- Chunking organizes information into familiar units for improved memory.
- Hierarchies create structured systems of information by importance.
Sensory Memory
- Divided into Iconic Memory (visual, lasts a few seconds) and Echoic Memory (auditory, recalls within 3-4 seconds).
Working Memory
- Represents conscious, active processing of incoming data and information from long-term storage.
Memory Techniques
- Rehearsal is the repetition of information to aid retention.
- Limited Capacity of working memory is characterized by the "magical number 7" (±2).
Long-Term Memory
- Can store unlimited amounts of information indefinitely.
- Implicit Memory: contains conditioned memories, processed in the cerebellum.
- Procedural Memory: muscle and skills memory, stored in the basal ganglia.
Explicit Memory
- Comprises episodic (personal experiences) and semantic (general knowledge) memories, processed in the frontal lobe and stored in the hippocampus.
Amnesia Types
- Retrograde Amnesia: loss of past memories.
- Anterograde Amnesia: inability to form new memories.
Context and State Dependency
- Context-dependent memory improves recall when conditions during encoding match those during retrieval.
- State-dependent memory efficiency is enhanced when individuals are in the same mindset during recall.
Other Memory Phenomena
- Mood-congruent memory allows better recall of information that aligns with current emotional states.
- Serial Position Effect indicates that items at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a list are best remembered.
Memory Failures
- Encoding Failure prevents information from entering long-term memory, hindering later retrieval.
- Storage Decay indicates rapid forgetting initially, leveling off over time, as studied by Ebbinghaus.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of memory including encoding, storage, and retrieval with this series of flashcards. Each card offers definitions and insights into key memory terms, such as recall and recognition. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of how memory works.