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Chapter 9 - Memory
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Chapter 9 - Memory

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@PortableZirconium

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the hippocampus?

  • Processing emotions
  • Motor coordination
  • Formation of long-term memory (correct)
  • Regulating blood pressure

    • Damage to the medial temporal lobe can affect both procedural memory and semantic memory.

    False

    What type of cells in the hippocampus are responsible for encoding contextual information?

    place cells

    The areas of the brain located in the parahippocampal gyrus include Brodmann areas _____ and typically also _____.

    <p>28, 34</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain structures with their functions:

    <p>Hippocampus = Formation of long-term memory Amygdala = Processing emotions Entorhinal area = Gateway to the hippocampus for memory Parahippocampal gyrus = Spatial memory processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory loss could occur with damage to the temporal lobe outside of the hippocampus?

    <p>Semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cortex surrounding the hippocampus is unimportant for normal memory function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique is mentioned in relation to studying memory retrieval?

    <p>fMRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amnesia is characterized by the inability to form new memories?

    <p>Anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Retrograde amnesia affects memory for the most recent events more than older events.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common neurodegenerative cause of dementia?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory classified by duration includes sensory memory, short-term memory, and __________ memory.

    <p>long-term</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of memory to their descriptions:

    <p>Declarative Memory = Includes episodic and semantic memory Short-Term Memory = Lasts from seconds to minutes Long-Term Memory = Lasts from days to years Working Memory = Contains information that can be acted on</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect is known as Ribot's law?

    <p>Severe loss of recent memories compared to older ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Working memory allows for the mere maintenance of information without processing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), this response is known as a __________ response (CR).

    <p>conditioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of brain activity was observed for words that participants correctly recollected?

    <p>Hippocampal activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The perirhinal cortex shows greater activation for false memories compared to true memories.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain region primarily activates during the encoding of faces?

    <p>Right frontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During resting-state fMRI scans, intrinsic functional connectivity is evaluated through fluctuations in the ______ signal.

    <p>BOLD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain regions with their functions:

    <p>Hippocampus = Memory retrieval Perirhinal cortex = True memory encoding Parahippocampal cortex = Recognition memory Frontal cortex = Encoding various stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hippocampal activity when participants identify words as new?

    <p>Hippocampal activity does not occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medial superior prefrontal cortex is involved in the activation of true memories.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the two regions that are correlated significantly with the PRC during resting-state scans.

    <p>Parahippocampal cortex and retrosplenial cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cortex is functionally connected to the perirhinal cortex (PRC)?

    <p>Ventral temporopolar cortex (vTPC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is crucial for memory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two prominent theories of long-term memory consolidation?

    <p>Standard consolidation theory and multiple trace theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sleep supports memory consolidation, especially when hippocampal neurons replay patterns of firing that were experienced during ______.

    <p>learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of memory systems with their characteristics:

    <p>Episodic memory = Involves recollection Recognition based on familiarity = Involves quick recall Retrograde amnesia = Inability to remember past events Stress effects = Influences episodic memory consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is NOT functionally connected to the parahippocampal cortex (PHC)?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High levels of cortisol positively influence hippocampal function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inferior frontal cortex (IFC) and the parietal lobe in memory?

    <p>Both are involved in retrieving memories, but their specific roles have not been clearly defined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the variation in memory duration suggest about neural systems involved?

    <p>Different neural systems may mediate different types of memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe can retain all information intact.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of amnesia do patients with medial temporal lobe damage typically develop?

    <p>Anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with amnesia can often retain _____ memories despite their condition.

    <p>procedural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following abilities might remain intact in amnesic patients?

    <p>Learning to ride a bike</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the subdivisions of the medial temporal lobe with their contributions to memory:

    <p>Hippocampus = Critical for encoding new memories Entorhinal cortex = Involved in memory retrieval Amygdala = Associates emotions with memories Parahippocampal cortex = Processes spatial memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Different models of long-term potentiation can be related to connectionist networks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constraints do cognitive neuroscience findings impose on connectionist models of memory?

    <p>They limit how memory encoding, retrieval, and the role of different brain areas are represented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory Deficits and Amnesia

    • Anterograde amnesia involves the inability to form new memories, typically seen in cases like H.M.
    • Retrograde amnesia refers to loss of memory for past events, often more severe for recent experiences – a phenomenon known as temporal gradient or Ribot's law.
    • Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent neurodegenerative condition leading to dementia.

    Mechanisms of Memory

    • Memory is categorized by duration:
      • Sensory memory lasts a few seconds.
      • Short-term memory ranges from seconds to minutes.
      • Long-term memory can persist from days to years.
    • Working memory is a modified concept that includes information available for processing and action, rather than mere retention.

    Types of Long-Term Memory

    • Declarative memory can be divided into:
      • Episodic memory, which pertains to personal experiences and events.
      • Semantic memory, which involves factual information and knowledge.

    Role of the Hippocampus

    • The hippocampus is essential for long-term memory formation, and adjacent neocortex areas support its function.
    • Research shows procedural memory, perceptual priming, conditioning, and nonassociative learning can operate independently of the medial temporal lobe memory system.
    • Place cells in the hippocampus are activated in response to specific locations and orientations, indicating contextual encoding.

    Memory Systems and Imaging

    • Recollection activates the hippocampus, while recognition based on familiarity shows less activation.
    • The frontal cortex plays a role during memory encoding:
      • Different areas activate for distinct types of stimuli, such as words, objects, and faces.

    Memory Encoding and Retrieval

    • The perirhinal cortex (PRC) and parahippocampal cortex (PHC) are essential for different memory encoding and retrieval processes, with distinct connectivity profiles.
    • Functional MRI indicates that the hippocampus supports episodic memory recollection, whereas the PRC aids recognition memory.

    Memory Consolidation

    • Two theories explaining long-term memory consolidation are:
      • Standard consolidation theory and multiple trace theory.
    • Sleep aids memory consolidation by allowing the replay of neural patterns learned before.
    • High-stress levels and elevated cortisol can adversely affect memory consolidation, particularly episodic memory.

    Summary of Key Points

    • Distinct memory systems operate for different types of memory processing and retrieval.
    • Damage to the medial temporal lobe, as seen in patients like H.M., leads to significant amnesia, revealing important insights into memory encoding mechanisms.
    • The hippocampus and associated cortical areas play critical roles in both forming and retrieving various types of memories.

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