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Questions and Answers
What role does calcium play in muscle contraction?
Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
Why is maintaining homeostasis critical for organisms?
What is the immediate effect of tropomyosin moving in muscle fibers?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the cross-bridge cycle?
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Which internal stimulus indicates that the body is fighting an illness?
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What physiological response occurs when the body's temperature rises?
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Which type of animals are classified as ectothermal?
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What occurs during vasodilation?
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What effect does piloerection have on the body in cold environments?
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Which of the following describes the body's response to dehydration?
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How does evaporative cooling occur in the human body?
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What body temperature do humans typically maintain?
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What does the resting membrane potential depend on?
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Which of the following describes current flow?
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How is voltage measured in biological systems?
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What is the role of leak channels in the cell membrane?
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What does Ohm's Law describe in the context of membrane potentials?
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What happens to ions when a positive ion moves across a membrane?
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Which of the following statements about membrane potentials is true?
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Which statement best describes the body's overall electrical charge?
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What is the primary function of the kidneys in relation to blood?
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Which substance is specifically reabsorbed by the kidneys into the capillary?
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What determines the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys?
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What happens to the blood components after filtration in the kidney tubule?
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What is formed from the excess water and waste products left in the kidney tubule?
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Where is urine stored before excretion?
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What key element is found in urea, a waste product filtered by the kidneys?
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What would result in the production of very dilute urine?
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What does an ion flux of 0 indicate about net ion movement?
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How does the concentration gradient affect the equilibrium potential (Nernst potential) for an ion?
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Which equation is used to determine the electrochemical potential for any ion?
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What is the primary determinant of the resting membrane potential in a living cell?
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What does the Goldman equation help calculate?
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Why is the resting membrane potential closer to the Nernst potential for K+ than for Na+?
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In the context of resting membrane potentials, what does the symbol 'g' typically represent?
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What must be true for membrane potential to remain unchanged at rest?
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Study Notes
Membrane Potentials
- Body cells exhibit an electrical potential difference across their membranes known as membrane potential.
- Electrical potential is measured in millivolts (mV) with 1 V equaling 1000 mV.
- Current refers to the flow of electrical charges, with ions moving from higher to lower concentration areas, generating a net charge movement.
- Ohm’s Law defines current (I) as the ratio of electrical potential (E) to resistance (R): I = E / R.
- The resting membrane potential is closer to the Nernst potential of potassium (K+) due to its higher conductance compared to sodium (Na+).
Membrane Ion Channels
- Leak Channels: Are open continuously allowing slow ion leakage, notably sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-).
- Membrane exhibits higher permeability to K+ than to Na+, contributing to resting membrane potential.
- When ion flux equals zero, there is no net ion movement across the membrane.
Equilibrium Potential
- The Nernst Equation calculates the equilibrium potential for any ion based on its concentration gradient: E(x) = RT/ZF log [x]inside/[x]outside.
- The greater the ion concentration gradient, the larger the equilibrium potential.
- Each ion has a unique equilibrium potential that can differ in direction and magnitude from other ions.
Goldman Equation
- The resting membrane potential (Em) is determined by the relative conductance of each ion: Em = [gNa+/(gNa+ + gK+ + gCl- )] ENa+ + [gK+/(gNa+ + gK+ + gCl- )] EK+ + [gCl-/(gNa+ + gK+ + gCl- )] ECl-.
- It accounts for the weighted contributions of different ionic species to the overall membrane potential.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment, critical for cellular function.
- Factors such as temperature, water levels, and glucose concentration must be regulated.
- Organisms live in variable environments but require stable internal conditions for survival.
Mechanisms of Body Temperature Regulation
- Sweating: Evaporation of sweat cools the body by removing heat from the skin.
- Vasodilation: Blood vessels widen to increase blood flow to the skin, promoting heat loss.
- Vasoconstriction: Blood vessels narrow to reduce blood flow to the skin, conserving heat.
- Piloerection: Hair standing on end traps air, creating insulation to retain heat.
Kidney Function in Water Regulation
- Kidneys filter blood to control water balance and excrete waste products, including urea.
- The process involves filtration, reabsorption of glucose and water, and excretion of urine.
- Filtration occurs in the glomerulus; reabsorption ensures essential components like glucose and water return to circulation.
Summary of Urine Production
- Urea is a byproduct of protein metabolism formed in the liver.
- Excess water and waste are processed in the kidneys and excreted as urine, which travels through the ureters to be stored in the bladder before leaving the body via the urethra.
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of membrane potentials, including electrical potential differences across body cells and the roles of ion channels. Explore Ohm’s Law and the Nernst Equation as they relate to resting membrane potential and ion movement. Test your understanding of how these principles apply to cellular physiology.