Questions and Answers
What is a tetrad?
A tetrad is formed by homologous pairs and consists of 4 chromatids.
During which stage of meiosis do the sister chromatids get pulled apart?
Anaphase II
During which stage of meiosis do the homologous chromosomes separate?
Anaphase I
During which stage do the chromosomes get duplicated?
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During which stages do the spindle fibers form? (Select all that apply)
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When would you expect non-disjunction to occur?
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What does it mean if a person is born with 3 of chromosome #21?
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If an organism has 8 chromosomes, how many different types of gametes can she produce? (Select the correct answer)
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Briefly describe the factors that create variation among sexually reproducing organisms.
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In the Hershey and Chase experiment, what indicated that DNA was the genetic material?
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Match the carbon numbers of the sugar in DNA:
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Study Notes
Tetrads and Chromatid Separation
- A tetrad is formed by homologous pairs and consists of 4 chromatids.
- Sister chromatids are pulled apart during Anaphase II; this follows the separation of homologous chromosomes in Anaphase I.
Chromosome Separation Stages
- Homologous chromosomes separate in Anaphase I, which occurs after they align in Metaphase I.
- The centrioles assist in pulling homologous pairs apart as spindle fibers shorten during Anaphase I.
Chromosome Duplication
- Chromosomes are duplicated during Interphase, specifically in the S phase when DNA replication occurs.
Spindle Fiber Formation
- Spindle fibers form in Prophase I and II. In Prophase I, they help position homologous pairs, while in Prophase II, they attach chromosomes to centrioles.
Non-Disjunction Events
- Non-disjunction can occur in Anaphase I or II, resulting in an improper separation of chromosomes.
Chromosome Anomalies
- A person born with three copies of chromosome #21 exhibits trisomy, not monosomy, which refers to having only one copy.
- Older parental age is associated with increased chances of non-disjunction events.
Gamete Diversity
- An organism with 8 chromosomes can produce at least 16 different types of gametes, calculated using the formula 2^N, where N represents the number of chromosome pairs.
Factors of Genetic Variation
- Random orientation of chromosomes during Metaphase I and II leads to unique gamete combinations as each chromosome pair aligns independently.
- Fertilization involves genetic material from two parents, resulting in offspring that are genetically distinct from either parent.
Hershey and Chase Experiment
- The presence of radioactive phosphorus inside bacterial cells confirmed DNA as the genetic material, contrasting with the sulfur found in proteins.
DNA Sugar Carbon Number Matching
- In DNA, carbon #5 of the sugar molecule bonds to the phosphate group. Carbon atoms are counted starting from the oxygen and going clockwise.
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Description
Test your understanding of meiosis with this retake of Quiz 5. This quiz covers key concepts such as tetrads, stages of meiosis, and the role of sister chromatids. Perfect for refreshing your knowledge before exams!
