Meiosis Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What type of cell undergoes meiosis?

Gamete cells

What are homologous chromosomes?

Chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent

What does haploid refer to?

A cell that contains only a single set of genes

What does diploid refer to?

<p>A cell that contains 2 sets of homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are sperm cells haploid or diploid?

<p>Haploid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are liver cells haploid or diploid?

<p>Diploid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are egg cells haploid or diploid?

<p>Haploid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are stomach cells haploid or diploid?

<p>Diploid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the diploid number in a liver cell is 52, how many chromosomes are there in the egg of this organism?

<p>26</p> Signup and view all the answers

During meiosis, the chromosome number?

<p>is reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells starting mitosis and meiosis begin with a (haploid or ______) set of chromosomes.

<p>diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many times do cells divide during meiosis?

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of meiosis called?

<p>Meiosis 1: Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Cytokinesis. Meiosis 2: Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tetrad?

<p>Structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase do you see tetrads in?

<p>Prophase 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crossing over?

<p>An exchange of information between 2 homologous chromosomes, homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage is crossing-over found in?

<p>Prophase 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is DNA copied before meiosis 2?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many cells form at the end of meiosis 2 and how many chromosomes do they contain?

<p>4 cells, 23 chromosomes (haploid)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A sperm cell is a (gamete, zygote) and is a (haploid, diploid).

<p>Gamete, Haploid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a sperm cell and ovum/egg merge, they undergo the process of fertilization, and give rise to a (gamete, zygote) which is (haploid, diploid).

<p>Zygote, Diploid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal/purpose of mitosis? What term do we use to describe the new cells?

<p>Replace cells, grow more cells. Described as a diploid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between chromosomes, chromatids, and homologous chromosomes?

<p>Chromosomes are structures that contain DNA, chromatids are the duplicated forms of chromosomes, and homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes from each parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are DNA and chromosomes related?

<p>DNA is wound up into chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a haploid, diploid, and zygote? (n or 2n)

<p>Haploid: n, Diploid: 2n, Zygote: 2n (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does meiosis create?

<p>Haploid gamete cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gamete? How do we represent the chromosome number (2n or n)?

<p>Sex cell, n</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a karyotype?

<p>An organized profile of a person's chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

XX is what gender, XY is what gender?

<p>XX is female, XY is male (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists organize chromosomes?

<p>By size, bending pattern, and centromere position</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Meiosis

The process of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Diploid Cells

Cells that have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Haploid Cells

Cells that have one set of chromosomes.

Homologous Chromosomes

Pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, that carry the same genes.

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Crossing Over

The process of exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

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Tetrad

A structure formed during meiosis that contains four chromatids.

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Metaphase I

The stage of meiosis where chromosomes align at the center of the cell.

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Anaphase I

The stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate.

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Cytokinesis I

The stage of meiosis where the cytoplasm divides, forming two daughter cells.

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DNA Replication

The process of DNA replication.

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Meiosis I

The first stage of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic information.

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Meiosis II

The second stage of meiosis, where sister chromatids separate.

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Prophase I

The stage of meiosis where chromosomes condense and become visible.

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Anaphase II

The stage of meiosis where sister chromatids separate, forming four haploid daughter cells.

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Cytokinesis II

The stage of meiosis where the cytoplasm divides, forming four haploid daughter cells.

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Metaphase II

The stage of meiosis where chromosomes align at the center of the cell.

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Telophase II

The stage of meiosis where chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell.

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Zygote

A cell that results from the fusion of a sperm cell and an egg cell.

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Mitosis

The process of cell division that produces identical diploid cells.

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Karyotyping

The organization of chromosomes based on size, shape, and banding pattern.

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DNA

The genetic material found in cells.

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Chromosomes

The thread-like structures within the nucleus of a cell that contain genetic information.

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Chromatid

A copy of a chromosome.

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Sexual Reproduction

The process of combining genetic material from two parents to produce a new individual.

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Haploid Gametes

The outcome of meiosis, resulting in four haploid gamete cells.

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Genetic Variation

The process of producing offspring that are genetically different from their parents.

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Mutation

A change in the sequence of DNA.

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Alleles

Different forms of a gene.

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Inheritance

The way genes are passed down from parents to offspring.

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Fertilization

The process of combining the genetic material from two parents into a single offspring.

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Study Notes

Meiosis Overview

  • Meiosis occurs in gamete cells, leading to the production of sex cells like sperm and egg.
  • It reduces the chromosome number, halving diploid cells (2n) into haploid cells (n).

Chromosome Terms

  • Homologous chromosomes consist of one maternal and one paternal chromosome.
  • A haploid cell has a single set of genes; a diploid cell has two sets of homologous chromosomes.
  • Example haploid cells: sperm and egg cells.
  • Example diploid cells: liver and stomach cells.

Chromosome Count

  • In an organism with a diploid number of 52 (liver cells), egg cells contain 26 chromosomes.
  • Sperm cells are gametes with a haploid chromosome count; zygotes formed post-fertilization are diploid.

Meiosis Process

  • Cells initiating meiosis are diploid, dividing twice (2x) during the process.
  • Meiosis includes two stages: Meiosis 1 (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis) and Meiosis 2.

Tetrads and Crossing Over

  • Tetrads, structures with four chromatids, appear during prophase 1.
  • Crossing over, the exchange of information between homologous chromosomes, also occurs in prophase 1.

After Meiosis

  • No DNA replication occurs before Meiosis 2.
  • The end of meiosis 2 results in four haploid cells, each containing 23 chromosomes.

Cell Types and Chromosome Arrangement

  • A zygote forms when a sperm cell (haploid) fuses with an ovum (egg), creating a diploid cell.
  • Mitosis aims to replace and grow cells, generating new diploid cells.

Genetic Organization

  • Karyotyping organizes chromosomes by size, bending pattern, and centromere position.
  • Chromosome configurations indicate gender: XX for female, XY for male.

Chromosomal Relationships

  • DNA is organized into chromosomes, with distinctions in structure important: recombinant DNA and chromatids lead to genetic variation.
  • Definitions: haploid (n), diploid (2n), zygote (2n).

Meiosis Outcome

  • The primary outcome of meiosis is to create haploid gamete cells crucial for sexual reproduction.

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Test your knowledge on meiosis with these flashcards. Explore key concepts such as gamete cells, homologous chromosomes, and the definitions of haploid and diploid. Perfect for students studying biology at any level.

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