34 Questions
What does the prefix 'endo-' mean in the context of hormone secretion?
Within
What is the term for the probability that a pathogen is present due to lack of hygiene standards or failure to practice appropriate infection control?
Contamination
Which type of transmission involves the spread of disease by large respiratory droplets produced by the act of coughing or sneezing?
Droplet transmission
What type of transmission involves the spread of disease by contact with infected blood or body fluids?
Bloodborne transmission
What is the term for a disease that can be transmitted from one person to another by direct or indirect contact?
Communicable disease
Which type of transmission involves the spread of disease due to the bite of a vector, such as a mosquito?
Vector-borne transmission
What is the primary difference between somatic cell mutation and gametic cell mutation?
Somatic cell mutation affects the cells of the body, while gametic cell mutation affects the genes in gametes
What is the function of adipose tissue?
To provide protective padding, insulation, and support
What is the meaning of the prefix 'ana-' in the term 'anaplasia'?
Backward
What is the primary difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
Hyperplasia results in an increase in the number of cells, while hypertrophy results in an increase in the size of cells
What is the function of exocrine glands?
To secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
What is the medical term for an abnormal passage, usually between two internal organs or leading from an organ to the surface of the body?
Fistula
What is the primary difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands do not have ducts, while exocrine glands do
What is the term for the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface?
Colostomy
What is the term for the blue discoloration of the skin due to the lack of adequate oxygen in the blood?
Cyanosis
What is the term for the inflammation of the stomach lining?
Gastritis
What is the term for the abnormal lateral curvature of the spine?
Scoliosis
What is the term for the condition caused by the compression of a nerve in the spine?
Radiculopathy
What is the term for the inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum?
Costochondritis
What is the term for the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra below it?
Spondylolisthesis
What is the term for the type of arthritis most commonly associated with aging?
Osteoarthritis
What is the term for the swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the cells, tissues, or cavities of the body?
Edema
What is the primary purpose of corticosteroid injections in a joint?
To relieve pain and inflammation
What is the purpose of a muscle relaxant?
To relieve stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains
What is the goal of platelet-rich plasma therapy?
To promote blood flow and healing in scar tissue
What is the purpose of viscosupplementation?
To increase the joint’s viscous fluid
What is the meaning of the suffix '-desis' in the term 'tenodesis'?
To bind or to tie together
What is the purpose of tenotomy?
To release a tendon affected by adhesions
What is the term for a specialist who studies outbreaks of disease within a population group?
Epidemiologist
What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
Epidemic is a localized outbreak, while pandemic is a widespread outbreak
What is the primary function of the skeletal system in the body?
To provide a framework for the body and support its organs
What is the term for an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine?
Scoliosis
What is the term for a fracture caused by the compression of a bone on itself?
Compression fracture
What is the term for an ongoing presence of disease within a population group?
Endemic
Study Notes
Medical Terms
- Fissure: a groove or crack-like sore of the skin, or normal folds in the contours of the brain
- Colostomy: surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
- Angiography: process of producing an x-ray or radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium
- Cyanosis: blue discoloration of the skin due to the lack of adequate oxygen in the blood
- Abdominocentesis: surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid
- Iatrogenic disease: an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
- Edema: swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the cells, tissues, or cavities of the body
- Adenocarcinoma: a malignant tumor that originates in the glands and may spread to other body parts
- Hepatomegaly: abnormal enlargement of the liver
- Gastritis: inflammation of the stomach lining
- Osteoarthritis: the type of arthritis most commonly associated with aging
- Avascular necrosis: an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow
- Arteriosclerosis: abnormal hardening of the wall of an artery or arteries
- Endarterial: pertaining to the interior or lining of an artery
- Costochondritis: inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
- Polymyalgia rheumatica: an inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs
- Radiculopathy: a condition caused by the compression of a nerve in the spine; also called a pinched nerve
- Fistula: an abnormal passage, usually between two internal organs or leading from an organ to the surface of the body
- Myasthenia gravis: a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles
- Scoliosis: an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
- Spondylolisthesis: the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra below it
- Hypotonia: a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
- Intermittent claudication: pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
- Myoclonus: the quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
- Subluxation: the partial displacement of a bone from its joint
- Adhesion: a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
- Myorrhaphy: surgical suturing of a muscle
- Synovectomy: surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint, usually the knee
- Myelopathy: any injury, degeneration, or disease in the spinal cord
- Allogenic: originating within another
- Atrophy: weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
- Hernia: occurs when tissue, such as part of an internal organ, protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it
- Impingement syndrome: inflammation of tendons that get caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
- Ataxia: the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
- Bradykinesia: extreme slowness in movement
- Electromyography: a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
- Epicondylitis: the inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
- Fibromyalgia: a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms
- Gastrosis: any disease of the stomach
- Mycosis: any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus
Anatomy and Physiology
- Cell mutation types:
- Somatic cell mutation: change within the cells of the body; cannot be transmitted to the next generation
- Gametic cell mutation: change within the genes in gametes; can be transmitted
- Genetic engineering: manipulating genes for science/medicine
- Four kinds of connective tissue:
- Dense connective tissues (e.g. bone and cartilage): form the joints and framework of the body
- Adipose tissue (also known as fat): provides protective padding, insulation, and support
- Loose connective tissue: surrounds various organs; supports nerve cells and blood vessels
- Fluid connective tissues (e.g. blood and lymph): transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body
- Types of abnormal tissue formation:
- Anaplasia: change in structure of cells and their orientation to each other
- Dysplasia: abnormal development/growth of cells, tissues, or organs
- Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells resulting in enlargement of organ/tissue
- Hypertrophy: increase in bulk of body part/organ due to increase in size, but not in number of cells
- Types of glands:
- Exocrine: secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
- Endocrine: produce hormones; do not have ducts
- Treatment procedures for tendons-related disorders:
- Tenodesis: surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
- Tenolysis: release of a tendon affected by adhesions
- Tenotomy: surgical incision into a tendon to provide release or allow lengthening
Disease Transmission and Outbreak
- Types of disease transmission:
- Pathogen: disease-causing microorganism
- Transmission: spread of a disease
- Contamination: probability that a pathogen is present
- Communicable disease: transmitted from one person to another by direct or indirect contact
- Indirect contact transmission: susceptible person is infected by contact with contaminated surface
- Bloodborne transmission: spread of disease by contact with infected blood/body fluids
- Droplet transmission: spread of disease by large respiratory droplets produced by the act of coughing or sneezing
- Airborne transmission: spread of disease by contact with germs floating in the air
- Foodborne or waterborne transmission: fecal-oral transmission, spread of disease due to eating or drinking contaminated food or water
- Vector-borne transmission: spread of disease due to the bite of a vector (e.g. mosquito)
- Concepts of disease outbreak:
- Epidemiologist: specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
- Endemic: ongoing presence of disease within a population group
- Epidemic: sudden, widespread outbreak of disease within a specific population group
- Pandemic: outbreak of disease occurring over a large geographic area
Skeletal System
- Function of skeletal system:
- Bones act as the framework of the body
- Bones support and protect the internal organs
- Joints work in conjunction with muscles, ligaments, and tendons, making possible the wide variety of body movements
- Storage of important minerals (calcium)
- Red bone marrow located in spongy bone, which plays an important role in the formation of blood cells
- Curvature of the spine:
- Kyphosis: abnormal increase in the outward curvature of thoracic spine
- Lordosis: abnormal increase in the forward curvature of lumbar spine
- Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
- Osteoporosis-related fractures:
- Compression fracture: compression of bone on itself
- These fractures are sometimes caused by the spontaneous collapse of weakened vertebrae or can be due to an injury
Test your knowledge of medical terms with this 50-mark quiz, covering word building, definitions, and short-answer questions. Assess your understanding of medical concepts, including surgical procedures, anatomy, and diagnostic techniques.
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