Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of respiration uses oxygen to produce ATP?
What type of respiration uses oxygen to produce ATP?
Aerobic respiration
What type of processes do not rely on oxygen?
What type of processes do not rely on oxygen?
Anaerobic processes
What is the removal of a small sample of tissue from the body for examination called?
What is the removal of a small sample of tissue from the body for examination called?
Biopsy
What is a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease called?
What is a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease called?
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What is an epidemic that spreads across multiple countries or continents called?
What is an epidemic that spreads across multiple countries or continents called?
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What is a disease or condition regularly found in a specific geographic area or population called?
What is a disease or condition regularly found in a specific geographic area or population called?
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What refers to a state of balance or stability within the body or a system?
What refers to a state of balance or stability within the body or a system?
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What is the identification of a disease or condition based on a patient's signs, symptoms, and test results called?
What is the identification of a disease or condition based on a patient's signs, symptoms, and test results called?
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What is the predicted outcome or course of a disease called?
What is the predicted outcome or course of a disease called?
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What is the study of the causes or origins of a disease called?
What is the study of the causes or origins of a disease called?
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What is the study of diseases, including their causes, development, and effects on the body called?
What is the study of diseases, including their causes, development, and effects on the body called?
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What is the study of how disease processes affect the normal function of the body called?
What is the study of how disease processes affect the normal function of the body called?
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What are long-term or persistent conditions that develop gradually and last for months or years called?
What are long-term or persistent conditions that develop gradually and last for months or years called?
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What are sudden onset conditions that last for a short duration and often resolve quickly called?
What are sudden onset conditions that last for a short duration and often resolve quickly called?
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What is a collection of signs and symptoms that often occur together and characterize a particular condition or disorder called?
What is a collection of signs and symptoms that often occur together and characterize a particular condition or disorder called?
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What refers to a condition caused by medical treatment or interventions?
What refers to a condition caused by medical treatment or interventions?
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What is an infection acquired in a healthcare facility called?
What is an infection acquired in a healthcare facility called?
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What is the decrease in size or wasting away of a tissue or organ due to lack of use, disease, or poor nutrition called?
What is the decrease in size or wasting away of a tissue or organ due to lack of use, disease, or poor nutrition called?
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What is abnormal growth or development of cells, tissues, or organs called?
What is abnormal growth or development of cells, tissues, or organs called?
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What is a group of disorders characterized by the degeneration or defective development of tissues, often muscles called?
What is a group of disorders characterized by the degeneration or defective development of tissues, often muscles called?
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What is the uncontrolled and abnormal growth of cells, leading to the formation of tumors called?
What is the uncontrolled and abnormal growth of cells, leading to the formation of tumors called?
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What is an increase in the size of cells in an organ or tissue called?
What is an increase in the size of cells in an organ or tissue called?
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What is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ called?
What is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ called?
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What is a condition in which tissues are deprived of adequate oxygen supply called?
What is a condition in which tissues are deprived of adequate oxygen supply called?
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What is a restriction in blood flow to tissues called?
What is a restriction in blood flow to tissues called?
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What is tissue death due to prolonged ischemia called?
What is tissue death due to prolonged ischemia called?
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What is the death of body tissue due to a lack of blood supply or severe infection called?
What is the death of body tissue due to a lack of blood supply or severe infection called?
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What type of cell death characterized by a cheese-like appearance, commonly seen in tuberculosis infections, is called?
What type of cell death characterized by a cheese-like appearance, commonly seen in tuberculosis infections, is called?
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What type of cell death where tissue becomes soft and liquid-like is called?
What type of cell death where tissue becomes soft and liquid-like is called?
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What is the number of new cases of a disease in a specific population during a defined time period called?
What is the number of new cases of a disease in a specific population during a defined time period called?
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What is the total number of existing cases of a disease in a specific population at a given time called?
What is the total number of existing cases of a disease in a specific population at a given time called?
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What is the number of deaths caused by a disease in a specific population and time period called?
What is the number of deaths caused by a disease in a specific population and time period called?
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What is the state of being diseased or the prevalence of illness in a population called?
What is the state of being diseased or the prevalence of illness in a population called?
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What are immediate events or triggers that lead to the onset of a disease called?
What are immediate events or triggers that lead to the onset of a disease called?
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What are conditions or characteristics that make an individual more susceptible to a disease called?
What are conditions or characteristics that make an individual more susceptible to a disease called?
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What are diseases that cannot be spread from person to person called?
What are diseases that cannot be spread from person to person called?
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What are diseases caused by infectious agents that can be transmitted between individuals called?
What are diseases caused by infectious agents that can be transmitted between individuals called?
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What is the initial stage of infection or disease where no symptoms are evident called?
What is the initial stage of infection or disease where no symptoms are evident called?
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What is the early stage of a disease when non-specific, mild symptoms begin to appear called?
What is the early stage of a disease when non-specific, mild symptoms begin to appear called?
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What is a period during which the symptoms of a disease decrease significantly or disappear entirely called?
What is a period during which the symptoms of a disease decrease significantly or disappear entirely called?
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What is the recovery phase of a disease where the patient gradually regains strength and returns to a normal state of health called?
What is the recovery phase of a disease where the patient gradually regains strength and returns to a normal state of health called?
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What is increased blood flow to the injured area due to the dilation of blood vessels called?
What is increased blood flow to the injured area due to the dilation of blood vessels called?
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What is the accumulation of fluid in the tissues called?
What is the accumulation of fluid in the tissues called?
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What is the increased blood flow and the metabolic activity of cells in inflammation producing localized warmth called?
What is the increased blood flow and the metabolic activity of cells in inflammation producing localized warmth called?
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What is stimulation of nerve endings by inflammatory mediators like bradykinin, prostaglandins, and histamine called?
What is stimulation of nerve endings by inflammatory mediators like bradykinin, prostaglandins, and histamine called?
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What is a non-specific response to tissue injury or damage called?
What is a non-specific response to tissue injury or damage called?
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What are systemic effects of severe inflammation called?
What are systemic effects of severe inflammation called?
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What are the steps to inflammation in order?
What are the steps to inflammation in order?
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What are chemical mediators that cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability called?
What are chemical mediators that cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability called?
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What are chemical mediators that promote pain, fever, and inflammation called?
What are chemical mediators that promote pain, fever, and inflammation called?
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What are chemical mediators that increase vascular permeability and stimulate pain receptors called?
What are chemical mediators that increase vascular permeability and stimulate pain receptors called?
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What are chemical mediators that recruit immune cells to the site of injury and promote fever called?
What are chemical mediators that recruit immune cells to the site of injury and promote fever called?
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What are chemical mediators that prolong inflammation and increase vascular permeability called?
What are chemical mediators that prolong inflammation and increase vascular permeability called?
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What is a drug that reduces fever and pain but is NOT anti-inflammatory called?
What is a drug that reduces fever and pain but is NOT anti-inflammatory called?
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What is the process by which specialized cells engulf and digest pathogens, dead cells, or debris called?
What is the process by which specialized cells engulf and digest pathogens, dead cells, or debris called?
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What is a burn where tissue is burned only in the epidermis and only causes redness, mild swelling, and pain called?
What is a burn where tissue is burned only in the epidermis and only causes redness, mild swelling, and pain called?
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What is a burn that causes blisters, redness, and severe pain but does not affect underlying tissues called?
What is a burn that causes blisters, redness, and severe pain but does not affect underlying tissues called?
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What is a burn that affects the epidermis, dermis, and underlying tissues (subcutaneous, muscle, bone), causing white or charred appearance and loss of sensation, called?
What is a burn that affects the epidermis, dermis, and underlying tissues (subcutaneous, muscle, bone), causing white or charred appearance and loss of sensation, called?
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What is a blood plasma protein that is converted into fibrin during blood clotting called?
What is a blood plasma protein that is converted into fibrin during blood clotting called?
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The order of events immediately after tissue injury is?
The order of events immediately after tissue injury is?
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What is a method used to estimate the total body surface area (TBSA) affected by burns called?
What is a method used to estimate the total body surface area (TBSA) affected by burns called?
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What is a type of white blood cell and the first responders to infections and injuries called?
What is a type of white blood cell and the first responders to infections and injuries called?
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What is clear or pale yellow, watery fluid that indicates mild inflammation called?
What is clear or pale yellow, watery fluid that indicates mild inflammation called?
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What is thick, sticky fluid that contains fibrin strands and indicates severe inflammation called?
What is thick, sticky fluid that contains fibrin strands and indicates severe inflammation called?
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What is thick, opaque fluid that is yellow, green, or brown in color and indicates bacterial infection called?
What is thick, opaque fluid that is yellow, green, or brown in color and indicates bacterial infection called?
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What is bright red or blood-tinged fluid that indicates damage to blood vessels called?
What is bright red or blood-tinged fluid that indicates damage to blood vessels called?
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What exudate is a mix of clear fluid and blood-tinged fluid and indicates a normal part of healing in wounds called?
What exudate is a mix of clear fluid and blood-tinged fluid and indicates a normal part of healing in wounds called?
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What is mucus-like, clear to cloudy, often sticky fluid that indicates inflammation of mucous membranes called?
What is mucus-like, clear to cloudy, often sticky fluid that indicates inflammation of mucous membranes called?
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What type of white blood cell is involved in the immune response??
What type of white blood cell is involved in the immune response??
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What is the percentage of T-cells in the blood?
What is the percentage of T-cells in the blood?
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What type of lymphocyte is involved in humoral immunity and differentiates into plasma cells that produce antibodies??
What type of lymphocyte is involved in humoral immunity and differentiates into plasma cells that produce antibodies??
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All immune cells originate in the bone marrow from what type of cells?
All immune cells originate in the bone marrow from what type of cells?
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What is a chronic autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the synovium (lining of joints), leading to inflammation, pain, and joint damage called?
What is a chronic autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the synovium (lining of joints), leading to inflammation, pain, and joint damage called?
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What is a systemic autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks various tissues and organs, causing inflammation and damage called?
What is a systemic autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks various tissues and organs, causing inflammation and damage called?
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What is an autoimmune disease where antibodies block or destroy acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue called?
What is an autoimmune disease where antibodies block or destroy acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue called?
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What is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to high blood sugar levels called?
What is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to high blood sugar levels called?
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What is an organ that filters blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, and helps detect and respond to blood-borne pathogens called?
What is an organ that filters blood, removes old or damaged red blood cells, and helps detect and respond to blood-borne pathogens called?
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What are small, bean-shaped organs that act as filters for lymphatic fluid, trapping pathogens and presenting them to immune cells called?
What are small, bean-shaped organs that act as filters for lymphatic fluid, trapping pathogens and presenting them to immune cells called?
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What immune cells that protect against pathogens entering through the mouth and nose are located in the throat and nose called?
What immune cells that protect against pathogens entering through the mouth and nose are located in the throat and nose called?
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What organ is the site where T-cells mature and differentiate and is most active during childhood?
What organ is the site where T-cells mature and differentiate and is most active during childhood?
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What is the primary site of blood cell production, including all immune cells?
What is the primary site of blood cell production, including all immune cells?
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What type of hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies and mast cells and is associated with allergies and anaphylaxis?
What type of hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies and mast cells and is associated with allergies and anaphylaxis?
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What type of hypersensitivity involves IgG or IgM antibodies targeting antigens on cells, causing cell destruction, and is associated with hemolytic anemia and Rh incompatibility?
What type of hypersensitivity involves IgG or IgM antibodies targeting antigens on cells, causing cell destruction, and is associated with hemolytic anemia and Rh incompatibility?
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What type of hypersensitivity involves immune complexes of antigen and antibody deposited in tissues, causing inflammation, and is associated with conditions like lupus and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
What type of hypersensitivity involves immune complexes of antigen and antibody deposited in tissues, causing inflammation, and is associated with conditions like lupus and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
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What type of hypersensitivity is mediated by T-cells, not antibodies, and is associated with contact dermatitis and the tuberculin skin test?
What type of hypersensitivity is mediated by T-cells, not antibodies, and is associated with contact dermatitis and the tuberculin skin test?
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What is specific, acquired immunity that develops after exposure to pathogens and involves T-cells, B-cells, and plasma cells called?
What is specific, acquired immunity that develops after exposure to pathogens and involves T-cells, B-cells, and plasma cells called?
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What is non-specific, immediate immunity present from birth and involves macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, and dendritic cells called?
What is non-specific, immediate immunity present from birth and involves macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, and dendritic cells called?
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What is a low white blood cell (WBC) count, typically below 4,000 WBCs/μL, that indicates bone marrow suppression, infections, or autoimmune diseases called?
What is a low white blood cell (WBC) count, typically below 4,000 WBCs/μL, that indicates bone marrow suppression, infections, or autoimmune diseases called?
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What is a high WBC count, typically above 11,000 WBCs/μL, that indicates infection, inflammation, or leukemia called?
What is a high WBC count, typically above 11,000 WBCs/μL, that indicates infection, inflammation, or leukemia called?
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What is the name of the specific type of cell that is an immature T-cell that develops in the thymus before maturing into a functional T-cell?
What is the name of the specific type of cell that is an immature T-cell that develops in the thymus before maturing into a functional T-cell?
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What is a type of phagocytic white blood cell derived from monocytes that engulfs and digests pathogens, debris, and dead cells called?
What is a type of phagocytic white blood cell derived from monocytes that engulfs and digests pathogens, debris, and dead cells called?
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What are proteins (immunoglobulins) produced by plasma cells that bind specifically to antigens to neutralize or mark them for destruction called?
What are proteins (immunoglobulins) produced by plasma cells that bind specifically to antigens to neutralize or mark them for destruction called?
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What antibody provides long-term immunity and crosses the placenta to protect the fetus?
What antibody provides long-term immunity and crosses the placenta to protect the fetus?
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What antibody is found in mucosal areas (e.g., respiratory tract, intestines) and secretions like saliva, tears, and breast milk?
What antibody is found in mucosal areas (e.g., respiratory tract, intestines) and secretions like saliva, tears, and breast milk?
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What antibody is the first antibody produced in response to an infection?
What antibody is the first antibody produced in response to an infection?
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What antibody is involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites?
What antibody is involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites?
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What antibody is found on immature B-cells and plays a role in B-cell activation?
What antibody is found on immature B-cells and plays a role in B-cell activation?
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What are hair-like structures on the bacterial surface that help with adhesion to surfaces called?
What are hair-like structures on the bacterial surface that help with adhesion to surfaces called?
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Study Notes
Medical Terminology
- Aerobic: Involves oxygen for survival/energy production (e.g., aerobic respiration).
- Anaerobic: Occurs without oxygen (e.g., anaerobic respiration, glycolysis).
- Biopsy: Tissue sample removal for microscopic diagnosis.
- Epidemic: Widespread disease outbreak in a specific area/population.
- Pandemic: Epidemic spreading across countries/continents.
- Endemic: Regularly present disease in a specific area/population.
- Equilibrium: State of balance/stability (e.g., homeostasis).
- Diagnosis: Identifying a disease based on symptoms, history, and tests.
- Prognosis: Predicted outcome/course of a disease.
- Etiology: Study of disease causes/origins.
- Pathology: Study of diseases—causes, development, effects.
- Pathophysiology: How disease processes affect body function.
- Chronic Disease: Long-term, gradual onset condition (e.g., diabetes, hypertension).
- Acute Disease: Sudden onset, short duration condition (e.g., influenza, appendicitis).
- Syndrome: Collection of signs/symptoms characterizing a condition.
- Iatrogenic: Condition caused by medical treatment.
- Nosocomial: Hospital-acquired infection.
- Atrophy: Decrease in tissue/organ size due to lack of use, disease, or poor nutrition.
- Dysplasia: Abnormal cell/tissue/organ growth (often precancerous).
- Dystrophy: Disorder causing tissue degeneration/defective development (e.g., muscular dystrophy).
- Neoplasia: Uncontrolled cell growth, leading to tumors (benign or malignant).
- Hypertrophy: Increased size of cells/tissue/organ.
- Hyperplasia: Increased number of cells in a tissue/organ.
- Hypoxia: Inadequate oxygen supply to tissues.
- Ischemia: Restricted blood flow, causing oxygen/nutrient shortage.
- Infarction: Tissue death due to prolonged ischemia.
- Gangrene: Tissue death due to lack of blood supply/infection.
- Caseous Necrosis: Cheese-like tissue death (e.g., tuberculosis).
- Liquefaction Necrosis: Tissue becomes soft & liquid-like (e.g., abscesses).
Epidemiology and Health Statistics
- Incidence: Number of new disease cases in a population over a period.
- Prevalence: Total existing disease cases in a population at a given time.
- Mortality: Number of deaths caused by a disease.
- Morbidity: Prevalence of illness in a population.
- Precipitating Factors: Immediate causes of disease onset.
- Predisposing Factors: Factors increasing disease susceptibility.
- Non-Communicable Diseases: Diseases not spread person-to-person (e.g., cancer).
- Communicable Diseases: Infectious diseases spread between individuals.
Infection & Disease Progression
- Latent (Incubation) Phase: Initial stage with no symptoms, active pathogen replication.
- Prodromal Phase: Early stage with non-specific, mild symptoms.
- Remission: Decrease/disappearance of disease symptoms.
- Convalescence: Recovery phase of regaining health.
Inflammation
- Rubor: Redness (due to increased blood flow).
- Tumor: Swelling (due to fluid accumulation).
- Calor: Heat (due to increased blood flow & metabolism).
- Dolor: Pain (due to nerve stimulation).
- Inflammation: Non-specific response to tissue damage.
- Systemic Effects of Severe Inflammation: Fever, malaise, fatigue, leukocytosis, anorexia, tachycardia, elevated acute-phase proteins.
- Steps to Inflammation: Tissue injury, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte migration, phagocytosis, repair.
- Chemical Mediators: Histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinin.
- Cytokines: Recruit immune cells, promote fever.
- Leukotrienes: Prolong inflammation, increase vascular permeability.
- Acetaminophen: Reduces fever & pain; not anti-inflammatory.
- Phagocytosis: Engulfing & digestion of pathogens/debris.
Burns
- First-Degree Burn: Epidermis damage; redness, mild swelling, pain.
- Second-Degree Burn: Epidermis and part dermis; blisters, redness, severe pain.
- Third-Degree Burn: Epidermis, dermis, and deeper tissues; white/charred, loss of sensation, least painful.
- Rule of 9%: Method to estimate burn surface area.
Blood & Immune Cells
- Neutrophils: White blood cells responding to infections/injuries.
- Serous Exudate: Clear, watery fluid, mild inflammation.
- Fibrinous Exudate: Thick, sticky fluid with fibrin, severe inflammation.
- Purulent Exudate: Thick, opaque (yellow/green/brown), bacterial infection.
- Hemorrhagic Exudate: Bright red or blood-tinged, blood vessel damage.
- Serosanguineous Exudate: Mix of clear and blood-tinged fluid, part of normal healing.
- Catarrhal Exudate: Mucus-like, inflammation of mucous membranes.
- T-cells: Lymphocytes in adaptive immunity, matured in thymus (60-70% of circulating lymphocytes).
- B-cells: Lymphocytes producing antibodies (antibodies are proteins; immunoglobulins)
- Origin of Immune Cells: Bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells.
Immune System Disorders
- Types of Hypersensitivity (immune response): I, II, III, IV.
- Adaptive Immunity: Specific, acquired immunity (T-cells, B-cells).
- Innate Immunity: Non-specific, immediate immunity (macrophages, neutrophils).
- Leukopenia: Low WBC count.
- Leukocytosis: High WBC count.
- Thymocyte: Immature T-cell in the thymus.
- Macrophage: Phagocytic white blood cell, important in antigen presentation.
Microbiology Related
-
Antibody: Protein that binds to antigens (immunoglobulins).
- IgG: Long-term immunity, crosses placenta.
- IgA: Mucosal immunity (secretions).
- IgM: First antibody produced.
- IgE: Allergic reactions, parasites.
- IgD: On immature B-cells, role in activation.
- Pili: Bacterial hair-like structures, adhesion.
- Flagella: Bacterial tail-like structures, movement.
- Capsule: Bacterial protective outer layer.
- Ribosomes: Bacterial protein synthesis structures.
- Endotoxins: Toxins in Gram-negative bacteria, released when they die.
- Exotoxins: Toxins secreted by bacteria.
- Cytoplasm: Bacterial cell's gel-like substance.
- Spores: Highly resistant structures for bacterial survival.
- Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules.
- Binary fission: Asexual reproduction in bacteria.
Microbiology Specific Diagnoses
- Various bacterial, viral, and fungal diseases are listed.
Microbial Control
- Autoclaving, Dry Heat, Chemical Sterilants, Radiation, Filtration.
General Health and Wellness
- Health: Complete physical, mental, social well-being.
- Wellness: Active process toward healthy life.
- Dimensions of Wellness: Physical, emotional, intellectual, social, spiritual, environmental, occupational.
- Recommended Sleep: Varies by age.
- Components of Emotional Wellness: Self-awareness, stress management, resilience.
- Holistic Health: Considers whole person for optimal health.
- Types of Healthcare Providers: Primary, secondary, tertiary, extended.
- Purpose of a Community Health Fair: Education, resources, screenings.
- Components of Health Fair: Educational materials, screenings, interactive activities.
- Planning a Health Fair Booth: Target audience, clarity, takeaways, knowledgeable staff, accessibility.
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Description
Test your knowledge of essential medical terminology with this quiz. Explore definitions and concepts related to diseases, their causes, and processes within the body. Perfect for students or anyone interested in understanding medical language.
