Health and Disease Overview
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Questions and Answers

What term describes a condition that is the consequence of a previous disease or injury?

  • Exacerbation
  • Complication
  • Sequela (correct)
  • Relapse

    • Which of the following best defines morbidity?

  • The percentage of a population affected by a disease
  • The number of deaths resulting from a disease
  • The number of newly diagnosed cases in a specific time period
  • The incidence of disease within a population (correct)

    • What is the definition of health according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?

  • The absence of disease or infirmity.
  • A balance of only physical health.
  • The complete physical, mental, and social well-being. (correct)
  • A state where only mental health is prioritized.

    • Which term refers to a long-term illness?

    <p>Chronic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the state of dynamic equilibrium maintained by the body?

    <p>Homeostasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of pathogenesis?

    <p>How a disease's cause leads to bodily changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a disease with no recognizable cause?

    <p>Idiopathic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a pathologist?

    <p>To diagnose diseases through cell and tissue analysis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes symptoms from signs in the context of disease?

    <p>Signs are physical manifestations; symptoms are experienced by patients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the increase in severity of a disease?

    <p>Exacerbation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disease results from the immune system attacking healthy cells?

    <p>Autoimmune (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a disorder characterized?

    <p>By a set of symptoms with a common factor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a degenerative disease?

    <p>Osteoarthritis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is used specifically for breast cancer screening?

    <p>Mammography (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common disadvantage associated with chest X-rays?

    <p>They expose patients to some radiation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a syndrome?

    <p>Down syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging modality uses ionizing radiation and is primarily used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes?

    <p>CT Scan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major benefit of using MRI over CT scan?

    <p>MRI provides excellent soft tissue detail. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging modality utilizes radioactive tracer to image metabolic activity?

    <p>PET Scan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Cytology?

    <p>To examine cells to determine if they are benign or malignant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of cancerous cells observed under a microscope?

    <p>Enlarged, active nucleus with minimal cytoplasm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA)?

    <p>To obtain cells for microscopic examination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cells from a benign thyroid nodule, as observed under a microscope?

    <p>Small, round, and dark nuclei. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "acute" refer to in terms of the course of a disease?

    <p>A disease that has a sudden onset and short duration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Terminal Illness

    An illness leading to death.

    Chronic Illness

    A long-term illness that persists over time.

    Remission

    A period where disease symptoms lessen or disappear.

    Exacerbation

    An increase in severity of a disease.

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    Morbidity

    The incidence of disease; how many are affected.

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    Epidemiology

    The study of disease occurrence, transmission, distribution, and control.

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    Etiology

    The cause of a disease.

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    Autoimmune Disease

    Disease where the immune system attacks healthy cells.

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    Health (WHO Definition)

    A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

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    Homeostasis

    The state of dynamic equilibrium maintained by feedback and regulation.

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    Signs vs Symptoms

    Signs are objective (like swelling), while symptoms are subjective (like pain).

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    Pathology

    The study of disease, focusing on cell and tissue morphology.

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    Disorder

    An abnormal condition of the mind or body, linked by common factors.

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    Syndrome

    A group of symptoms that consistently occur together, a type of disorder.

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    Chest X-ray

    An imaging technique using X-rays to visualize the chest area.

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    Mammography

    X-ray screening for breast cancer, often detects lumps before palpable.

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    CT Scan

    A diagnostic imaging technique using multiple X-ray sectional images from different angles, creating a 3D representation.

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    MRI

    A non-invasive imaging method that uses a magnetic field and radiofrequency energy to create detailed images of soft tissues.

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    Ultrasound

    An imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize internal organs based on tissue density differences.

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    PET Scan

    An imaging test that uses a radioactive substance to visualize metabolically active tissues, often used for detecting cancer.

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    Cytology

    The study of cells to distinguish between benign and malignant cell characteristics.

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    Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA)

    A procedure to obtain cells from a suspicious lesion for microscopic examination to aid in diagnosis.

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    Acute Disease

    A type of disease characterized by a short-term illness or condition.

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    Characteristics of Cancer Cells

    Features of cancer cells, such as enlarged nucleus, minimal cytoplasm, and cell crowding.

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    Study Notes

    Defining Health and Disease

    • Health is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not simply the absence of disease.
    • Homeostasis is the body's dynamic equilibrium, maintained through feedback and regulation.
    • All body systems must function normally and in balance for health.

    Characteristics of Disease

    • Signs: Observable objective manifestations (e.g., swelling, redness).
    • Symptoms: Subjective experiences (e.g., pain, weakness).
    • Pathology: The study of disease.
    • Pathologist: A physician specializing in disease diagnosis via cell/tissue analysis.
    • Clinician: The healthcare provider responsible for patient care.

    Disorders and Syndromes

    • A disorder is an abnormal bodily condition, often with a common cause (genetic, biochemical, structural).
    • Syndromes are specific types of disorders, like Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

    Medical Imaging Techniques

    • Chest X-rays: Inexpensive, readily available; limited soft tissue detail.
    • Mammography: Detects breast cancer early, some discomfort/radiation exposure.
    • CT Scan: Detailed cross-sectional images for diagnostics and treatments, higher radiation exposure.
    • MRI: Excellent soft tissue detail, no ionizing radiation.
    • Ultrasound: Non-invasive, inexpensive, operator dependent quality.
    • PET Scan: Identifies metabolically active tissues (e.g., cancer), uses ionizing radiation.

    Cytology

    • Cytology is examining cells.
    • Benign cells are distinct from cancerous cells (malignant).

    Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA)

    • FNA is using a needle to obtain cells from a suspicious area for microscopic diagnosis.

    The Course of Disease

    • Acute: Short-term illness.
    • Terminal: Illness leading to death.
    • Chronic: Long-term illness.
    • Remission: Disease symptoms lessen or disappear.
    • Exacerbation: Disease severity increases.
    • Relapse: Disease returns after remission.
    • Complication: New problem arising from an existing disease.
    • Sequela: Consequences of a previous disease or injury.

    Describing the Occurrence of Disease

    • Mortality: Number of deaths.
    • Morbidity: Incidence of a disease.
    • Incidence: Count of new cases.
    • Prevalence: Percentage of cases in a population.
    • Epidemiology: Study of disease distribution and control.
    • Etiology: Cause of a disease.
    • Pathogenesis: How a disease progresses.
    • Idiopathic: Disease with unknown cause.

    Chief Causes of Disease (Etiology)

    • Hereditary: Diseases passed from one generation to the next (e.g., sickle cell anemia).
    • Congenital: Birth defects, often genetic.
    • Degenerative: Degeneration of cells/tissues over time.
    • Inflammatory: Uncontrolled inflammation.
    • Autoimmune: Immune system attacks healthy tissue.
    • Neoplastic: Uncontrolled cell growth
    • Metabolic: Related to the body's processes, e.g. T1DM
    • Traumatic: Injury or wound
    • Nutritional: Deficiency or excess of nutrients.

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    Related Documents

    Introduction To Disease PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the definitions of health and disease, covering key concepts like homeostasis, signs, symptoms, and the roles of clinicians and pathologists. It also delves into disorders, syndromes, and medical imaging techniques, providing a comprehensive understanding of these fundamental medical concepts.

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