Medical Terminology Lecture 4: CVS

Study Notes

Cardiovascular System (CVS)

Terms and Definitions:
- Card-: refers to the heart.
- Myo-: denotes muscle.
- Myocardium: heart muscle.
- Pericardium: sac surrounding the heart.
- Endocardium: endothelial lining of the heart.
Heart Chambers:
- Atrium: upper chambers; right atrium receives blood from systemic veins, left atrium receives blood from pulmonary veins.
- Ventricle: lower chambers with thick muscular walls.
Major Blood Vessels:
- Aorta: main artery arising from the left ventricle.
- Pulmonary Artery: conveys deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
- Pulmonary Vein: carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
- Coronary Vessels: supply blood to the heart muscle.
Valves:
- Aortic Valve: between left ventricle and aorta.
- Tricuspid Valve: between right atrium and right ventricle.
- Mitral Valve: between left atrium and left ventricle.
Cardiac Function:
- Systole: contraction phase of the heart.
- Diastole: relaxation phase of the heart.
- Cardiac Output: volume of blood pumped from the heart per minute.
Conditions:
- Hypertension: high blood pressure (>160/95 mmHg).
- Hypotension: low blood pressure (<100/50 mmHg).
- Haematoma: blood collection in tissues.
Diagnostic and Treatment Terms:
- Electrocardiograph (ECG): assesses electrical changes in heart action.
- Myocarditis: inflammation of the heart muscle.
- Valve Stenosis: narrowing of cardiac valves.
- Antiarrhythmic Drugs: used to treat irregular heartbeats.
- Antianginal Drugs: prescribed for angina pectoris.
- Hyperlipidemia: elevated blood lipids like cholesterol.

Respiratory System

Key Terms:
- Rhin-: nose.
- Thorac-: chest.
- Pulm-: lung.
- Pneum-: air.
Breathing Process:
- Ventilation: air passage to the bronchi.
- Inspiration: air intake into lungs.
- Expiration: air expulsion from lungs.
Conditions and Symptoms:
- Asphyxia: failure of breathing.
- Apnoea: absence of breathing.
- Dyspnoea: discomfort in breathing.
- Hyperventilation: increased breathing rate.
Sputum and Infections:
- Sputum: bronchial secretions.
- Rhinitis: inflammation of nasal membranes.
- Pharyngitis: inflammation of the pharynx, can cause fever and dysphagia.
- Bronchial Asthma: reversible airway obstruction.
- Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial tree.
- Pneumonia: acute lung infection.
- Emphysema: lung condition causing breathlessness due to alveoli damage.
Medications:
- Decongestant: treats mucus membrane congestion.
- Expectorant: aids in the expulsion of mucus.
- Antitussive: suppresses cough reflex.
- Mucolytic: dissolves thick sputum.

Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)

Digestive Process:
- Pepsia: digestion of food into absorbable molecules.
- Absorption: movement of digested food into the bloodstream.
- Excretion: removal of waste from the body.
Key Terms:
- Gastro-: relates to the stomach.
- Hepatic: associated with the liver.
- Chole-: refers to bile.
- Cholecyst-: indicates gall bladder.
Common Conditions:
- Gingivitis: gum inflammation.
- Xerostomia: dry mouth.
- Stomatitis: mouth inflammation.
- Glossitis: tongue inflammation.
Symptoms and Disorders:
- Anorexia: reduced appetite.
- Dysphagia: challenges in swallowing.
- Nausea: sensation of needing to vomit.
- Gastric Reflux: return of stomach contents to the esophagus.
- Flatulence: gas accumulation leading to bloating.
Diseases:
- Gastritis: inflammation of stomach lining.
- Peptic Ulcer: ulcer in stomach/duodenum from acid exposure.
- Appendicitis: inflammation of the appendix leading to potential peritonitis.
- Peritonitis: inflammation of peritoneal lining.
- Pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas.
Bowel Movement Disorders:
- Diarrhea: increased stool volume or frequency.
- Constipation: difficulty or infrequent stool passage.