Medical Terminology Lecture 4: Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular System (CVS)

• Cardio-: Prefix meaning heart.
• Myo-: Prefix indicating muscle.
• Myocardium: Refers to the heart muscle.
• Pericardium: Protective sac surrounding the heart.
• Endocardium: Inner lining of the heart.
• Atrium: Upper heart chambers; right atrium receives blood from systemic veins and left atrium receives blood from pulmonary veins.
• Ventricle: Lower heart chambers with thick muscular walls.
• Aorta: Main artery originating from the left ventricle.
• Aortic valve: Valve located between left ventricle and aorta.
• Tricuspid valve: Valve between right atrium and right ventricle.
• Mitral valve: Valve between left atrium and left ventricle.
• Pulmonary artery: Carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
• Pulmonary vein: Transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
• Coronary vessels: Supply the heart muscle with blood.
• Systole: Phase of heart muscle contraction.
• Diastole: Phase of heart muscle relaxation.
• Cardiac output: Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
• Hypertension: Blood pressure greater than 160/95 mmHg.
• Hypotension: Blood pressure below 100/50 mmHg.
• Haematoma: Accumulation of blood in internal tissues.
• Electrocardiograph (ECG): Device recording electrical changes during heart's action.
• Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium.
• Valve stenosis: Narrowing of heart valves.
• Antiarrhythmic drugs: Medications used to treat irregular heartbeats.
• Antianginal drugs: Medications for relieving angina pectoris.
• Hyperlipidemia: Elevated cholesterol and triglycerides in blood.

Respiratory System

• Rhin-: Prefix meaning nose.
• Thorac-: Prefix referring to the chest.
• Pulm-: Prefix pertaining to the lungs.
• Pneum-: Prefix related to air.
• Ventilation: Process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
• Alveolus: Air sac in the lungs for gas exchange.
• Inspiration: Intake of air into the lungs.
• Expiration: Release of air from the lungs.
• Asphyxia: Failure to breathe effectively.
• Apnoea: Absence of breathing.
• Dyspnoea: Difficult or uncomfortable breathing.
• Hyperventilation: Increased rate and depth of breathing.
• Anoxia: Severe lack of oxygen delivery to tissues.
• Hypoxia: Decreased oxygen supply to tissues.
• Sputum: Mucus secreted by the bronchial tubes.
• Rhinitis: Inflammation of nasal mucosa causing discharge.
• Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the pharynx, often with fever and swallowing difficulties.
• Bronchial asthma: Condition characterized by reversible airway obstruction.
• Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchi and trachea.
• Pneumonia: Infection affecting the alveolar spaces in the lungs.
• Emphysema: Lung condition causing shortness of breath due to damaged alveoli.
• Decongestant: Drug used to relieve nasal or bronchial congestion.
• Expectorant: Medication that facilitates expulsion of mucus.
• Antitussive: Drug that suppresses cough reflex.
• Mucolytic: Medication that breaks down thick mucus for easier expulsion.

Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)

• Pepsia: Refers to digestion.
• Absorption: Process where digested nutrients enter blood.
• Excretion: Elimination of waste from the body.
• Gastro-: Prefix for stomach.
• Abdomen: Area encompassing GIT and urinary tract.
• Phagia: Suffix meaning eating.
• Hepatic: Relating to the liver.
• Chole-: Prefix meaning bile.
• Cholecyst-: Refers to gallbladder.
• Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gums.
• Xerostomia: Condition known as dry mouth.
• Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mouth.
• Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue.
• Anorexia: Loss of appetite.
• Hyperorexia: Increased appetite.
• Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing.
• Polydipsia: Increased thirst.
• Nausea: Sensation leading to vomiting.
• Gastric reflux: Backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.
• Flatulence: Excess gas in the intestines causing bloating.
• Dyspepsia: General term for indigestion.
• Gastritis: Inflammation of stomach lining.
• Peptic ulcer: Open sore in stomach/duodenum due to acid.
• Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix, potentially leading to peritonitis.
• Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum.
• Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas.
• Diarrhea: Increased frequency and fluidity of stool.
• Constipation: Difficulty in passing stools or infrequent bowel movements.

This quiz focuses on Lecture 4 from the Medical Terminology course at Sulaimani Polytechnic University, specifically covering the cardiovascular system (CVS). It includes key terms related to the heart, its structure, and functions. Perfect for 1st stage nursing students seeking to enhance their understanding of this crucial system.