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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of action for Erythropoietin alfa (Epogen)?
What is the primary mechanism of action for Erythropoietin alfa (Epogen)?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves an inflammatory response to foreign proteins and can lead to conditions like hemolysis or transfusion reaction?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves an inflammatory response to foreign proteins and can lead to conditions like hemolysis or transfusion reaction?
Which of the following is a sign of fluid overload?
Which of the following is a sign of fluid overload?
What is the primary function of the immune system?
What is the primary function of the immune system?
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Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with cardiac dysrhythmias?
Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with cardiac dysrhythmias?
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What is the primary goal of rehydration strategies?
What is the primary goal of rehydration strategies?
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What is the most common cause of macrocytic anemia?
What is the most common cause of macrocytic anemia?
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Which of the following is NOT a sign of fluid volume deficit?
Which of the following is NOT a sign of fluid volume deficit?
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Which of the following is a sign of hypocalcemia?
Which of the following is a sign of hypocalcemia?
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What is the primary function of the hormone erythropoietin?
What is the primary function of the hormone erythropoietin?
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Which of the following is NOT a core component of clinical judgment?
Which of the following is NOT a core component of clinical judgment?
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Failing to recognize changes in a patient's condition is a sign of:
Failing to recognize changes in a patient's condition is a sign of:
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Which of the following is NOT a reason to activate a Rapid Response Team (RRT)?
Which of the following is NOT a reason to activate a Rapid Response Team (RRT)?
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Which of the following is a proper application of safe delegation?
Which of the following is a proper application of safe delegation?
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What is the primary goal of clinical judgment?
What is the primary goal of clinical judgment?
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Study Notes
Medical-Surgical Nursing Foundations
- This unit covers Emergency Department (ED) and Trauma Nursing, Fluids, Electrolytes, Acid-Base Imbalances, Immunity, Hematology, and Oncology.
Preparatory Module Goals
- Develop clinical judgment, critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and systems thinking.
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Recognize, Respond, and Report on patient conditions.
- Safe delegation doesn't include assessments or education
- Failure to Rescue involves failing to recognize and respond appropriately to patient condition changes.
- Rapid Response Teams (RRT) handle sudden changes in patient condition.
- Code Teams manage cardiopulmonary arrest.
ED Nursing
- Social determinants of health and vulnerable populations.
- Safety and violence within the ED.
- Priorities of care (X, A, B, C, D, E).
- Triage.
- Mechanism of injury.
- Complications of trauma.
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- Homeostasis.
- Ions move via diffusion and active transport.
- Water moves via osmosis and filtration.
Fluid Volume Imbalances
- Fluid Overload: Weight gain, pitting edema, hypertension, tachycardia with bounding pulses, jugular vein distension, crackles in lungs, dyspnea, orthopnea, bulging fontanels, periorbital edema.
- Fluid Deficit: Weight loss, dry cracked mucosa, tenting of the skin, hypotension, tachycardia with thready pulses, flat neck veins, oliguria, hemoconcentration, sunken fontanels, sunken eyes.
Fluid Balance Strategies
- Rehydration: Oral solutions, salts and water, not concentrated glucose, IV solutions (20 ml/kg bolus), goal PO: 64 ounces, Output: 720 ml clear urine.
- Diuresis: Safe removal of water, electrolyte balance, limit oral salt intake, oral fluid restrictions if CHF or hemodialysis.
Electrolyte Imbalances
- Sodium (natremia): Seizures, confusion, risk for injury.
- Potassium (kalemia): Cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, GI changes.
- Calcium (calcemia): Neuromuscular changes, cardiac dysrhythmias.
- Magnesium (magnesemia): Mimics other problems, neuromuscular changes, seizures, respiratory depression, cardiac dysrhythmias.
Acid-Base Balance
- This section discusses acid-base balance.
Immunity
- Topics on Hypersensitivity reactions, Immune conditions, and Covid-19 are discussed here.
Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Type I: Histamine and inflammatory response (Allergy, Rhinitis, Asthma, Anaphylaxis).
- Type II: Cellular response to foreign proteins (Hemolysis, Transfusion reactions, graft rejection).
- Type III: Immune reaction (Lupus, Serum sickness).
- Type IV: Inflammatory response (Contact dermatitis, RA, MS).
Immune Conditions
- Lupus, Lyme disease, HIV.
Hematolog
- Core concepts include hematopoiesis, low blood counts (anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia), and high blood counts (polycythemia, leukocytosis).
Medications to Manage Hematologic Conditions
- Iron: Microcytic anemia.
- B12/Pernicious Anemia
- Folate: Macrocytic anemia.
- Erythropoietin alfa (Epogen): Increase reticulocytes (become erythrocytes), use cautiously in hypertension.
- Filgrastim (Neupogen): Increases neutrophils, avoid within 24 hours of chemotherapy or infection.
- Clotting Factors (DDAVP, TXA): Hemophilia and others.
Blood and Blood Product Transfusions
- This is about transfusion procedures and related questions.
- Questions like 'Why? What? Who? Where?, When? How?', and "Watch out!" are mentioned for this aspect.
Oncology
- Oncology discusses benign versus malignant cells, prevention, diagnosis, management, and emergencies.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the foundations of Medical-Surgical Nursing, focusing on Emergency Department procedures, trauma care, and fluid and electrolyte management. This quiz covers key concepts such as clinical judgment, patient assessment, and responses to patient conditions. Get ready to enhance your nursing skills in this critical field!
