Medical-Surgical Foundations: Autism Spectrum Disorder

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a deficit associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity

Deficits in non-verbal communicative behaviors

Deficits in visual and auditory processing (correct)

Deficits in developing and understanding relationships

What is a characteristic of deficits in social-emotional reciprocity in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Failure of normal back-and-forth conversation (correct)

Overactive sharing of interests

Normal back-and-forth conversation

High emotional expressiveness

According to the DSM-5 criteria, how are the core features of Autism Spectrum Disorder categorized?

Social deficits and communication deficits only

Social deficits and restricted, repetitive behaviors (correct)

Social deficits, communication deficits, and motor deficits

Social deficits and cognitive deficits

What type of treatment approach focuses on improving social interaction skills in Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Sensorimotor treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a deficit in non-verbal communicative behaviors in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Abnormalities in eye contact Signup and view all the answers

What is required for an individual to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) according to DSM-5?

Evidence of difficulties in three subdomains of social communication. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a subdomain relevant to the diagnosis of ASD?

Intellectual engagement Signup and view all the answers

How many restricted, repetitive sensory–motor behaviors are required for an ASD diagnosis?

Two of the four different behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Environmental risk factors for ASD may include which of the following?

Chemical exposures Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic disorder is explicitly mentioned in connection with ASD?

Fragile X syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions often co-occurs with ASD?

Anxiety Disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of neurobiology is immediately associated with ASD diagnosis?

Persistent social communication deficits Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ASD, what is the significance of heritability?

It suggests a genetic predisposition to the disorder. Signup and view all the answers

What is the current understanding of autism in terms of its severity?

Autism is a spectrum ranging from very mild to severe. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recognized symptom of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Consistent extreme empathy towards others. Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated global prevalence of autism?

1% to 1.5% Signup and view all the answers

Which age factors are identified as environmental risk factors for autism?

Advanced maternal age (≥40 years) and paternal age (≥50 years). Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred regarding the classification of autism in the DSM-5?

Asperger’s disorder and PPD were included under a single diagnosis. Signup and view all the answers

What typical behavior might indicate hyperreactivity to sensory input in children with autism?

Indifference to pain or temperature. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the signs of autism is accurate?

Restricted, fixated interests can sometimes be intense and focus-driven. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population in the Philippines was estimated to have autism in 2018?

Approximately 1 million. Signup and view all the answers

What was notable about Anthony Hopkins in relation to autism?

He was diagnosed with Asperger’s Syndrome at 70 years old. Signup and view all the answers

What type of movements might be characteristic of stereotyped or repetitive activities in individuals with autism?

Simple motor stereotypies like hand flapping. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

DSM-5 acknowledges that ASD can coexist with other disorders such as genetic disorders (e.g., fragile X syndrome) and psychiatric conditions (e.g., ADHD).
Core features of ASD include persistent deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior.
Diagnosis requires evidence of difficulties in three social communication subdomains and two out of four types of restrictive behaviors.

Signs and Symptoms

Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, including unusual social approaches and a lack of back-and-forth conversation.
Non-verbal communicative behavior challenges, evidenced by poor integration of verbal and non-verbal cues, such as eye contact and body language.
Difficulty in developing and maintaining relationships, with challenges in adjusting behavior to social contexts and sharing imaginative play.

Descriptive Epidemiology

Global prevalence of ASD is approximately 1% to 1.5%, with some estimates as high as 1 in 132 individuals.
In the Philippines, cases rose significantly from 500,000 in 2008 to an estimated one million in 2018, according to the Department of Health census.

Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors

Behaviors may include stereotyped motor movements (e.g., lining up toys), insistence on sameness, and highly restricted interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus.
Sensory sensitivities can manifest as hyperreactivity or hyporeactivity to sensory input, with adverse responses to certain stimuli.

Associated Conditions

Autism is now viewed as a spectrum, consolidating previous subtypes like Asperger’s Syndrome under the single diagnosis of ASD.
Individuals may exhibit a range of symptoms, and intellectual ability is not necessarily impacted.

Environmental Risk Factors

Advanced maternal age (≥ 40 years) and paternal age (≥ 50 years) are identified as potential risk factors.
Short inter-pregnancy intervals may also contribute to the prevalence of ASD.

Neurobiology and Diagnosis

Persistent frontal lobe activation and reduced cerebellar activation have been observed in children with autism during tasks such as finger-tapping.
Diagnosis involves comprehensive evaluation, highlighting ongoing challenges across various aspects of communication and behavior.

Early Diagnosis and Screening

Early diagnosis is critical for effective intervention, relying heavily on observational criteria established by DSM-5.
Routine screening can aid in identifying ASD in children, leading to more timely therapeutic support.

Rehabilitation Interventions

A variety of sensorimotor treatment approaches can be applied to support individuals with ASD.
Strategies focus on enhancing communication, social skills, and managing repetitive behaviors or sensory issues.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz focuses on the foundations of medical-surgical care related to Autism Spectrum Disorder. It explores concepts essential for understanding and managing the physical dysfunctions in adult patients with ASD. Ideal for students in OT1026 course wishing to deepen their knowledge.