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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a water-based solution that contains electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutes, can enter all body compartments, and is used for rehydration?
Fill in the blanks. The shock dose of fluids for cats is __________ and the shock dose of fluids for dogs is __________.
Which of the following fluids can be administered subcutaneously?
Which of the following drug doses should be reduced in a dog with liver dysfunction?
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In a hospitalized dog or cat, what is the preferred way to deliver nutrition?
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A 22lb dog has not eaten for 3 days and is currently in the hospital. You need to calculate the dog’s RER to start supplementing his nutrition. Using the following equations, what is your goal daily caloric intake for the dog?
RER = (√ ( √ (BW x BW x BW))) x70
RER = (30 x BW) + 70
BW = body weight in kilograms
√ = square root
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Which of the following is true regarding a patient with peripheral edema and third-spacing?
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What effect do opioids have on the gastrointestinal tract?
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Why can patients with hypoalbuminemia experience drug toxicity?
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What value in a blood chemistry can be used to reduce the dose or adjust the dosing interval in a patient with renal disease?
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In which of the following disease processes is IV isotonic crystalloid fluid therapy contraindicated?
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What type of fluid is 7.5% saline?
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Which option is the autonomic receptor that directly modulates cardiac output through changes in inotropy and chronotropy?
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Which drug DIRECTLY acts at the aldosterone receptor, resulting in decreased Na+/K+ exchange in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron?
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Your physical exam and thoracic radiographs evaluation lead you to conclude that your patient has severe pulmonary edema as a result of left-sided heart failure. Which drug would likely provide the most immediate benefit to the patient?
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Which RAAS inhibiting drug has greater antihypertensive effectiveness than ACE inhibitors and is FDA-approved for the treatment of systemic hypertension in cats?
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Which drug is LEAST likely to cause hypokalemia?
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Which muscle type do dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (for example, amlodipine) have the greatest effect on?
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Which drug is indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension?
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Which anti-thrombotic drug is LEAST likely to cause gastric ulcer disease in cats?
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Which heartworm adulticide drug commonly causes injection-site reactions in the epaxial muscles?
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Which antitussive drug has the greatest likelihood of causing constipation as an adverse drug effect?
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Which of the following drug classes is the main drug therapy for osteoarthritis?
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Which of the following drugs should not be used in cats?
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Which of the following statements about ear cleaning and ear cleansers is correct?
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For a canine patient with otitis, when the ear canal is too painful and swollen for otoscopic exam and ear flushing, what is the best treatment approach?
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What chemotherapy agent can be administered to increase circulating platelet count?
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For long-term management of immune mediated disease, why is it critical to taper the immunosuppressive medications to the lowest effective dose?
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Which of the following is considered an acceptable second-line immunosuppressive medication?
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In relation to prednisone, which of the following is true regarding dexamethasone?
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Which of the following immunosuppressive drugs is used to treat atopic dermatitis in cats and dogs and perianal fistulas in dogs in addition to treating a variety of other immune-mediated diseases?
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Which of the following immunosuppressive drugs causes gastrointestinal toxicity in up to 67% of patients?
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Study Notes
Fluid Therapy
- A water-based solution that contains electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutes, can enter all body compartments, and is used for rehydration is a balanced crystalloid.
- The shock dose of fluids for cats is 20-30 ml/kg, and for dogs, it is 40-60 ml/kg.
Nutrition
- In a hospitalized dog or cat, the preferred way to deliver nutrition is through enteral nutrition.
- To calculate the dog's RER, use the equation RER = (√(√(BW x BW x BW))) x 70 or RER = (30 x BW) + 70, where BW is body weight in kilograms.
Edema and Third-Spacing
- In a patient with peripheral edema and third-spacing, the interstitial space expands, leading to increased fluid loss.
Opioids and Gastrointestinal Tract
- Opioids have a constipating effect on the gastrointestinal tract.
Hypoalbuminemia
- Patients with hypoalbuminemia experience drug toxicity because many drugs are protein-bound, and decreased albumin levels lead to increased free drug concentrations.
Renal Disease
- The creatinine value in a blood chemistry can be used to reduce the dose or adjust the dosing interval in a patient with renal disease.
Fluid Therapy Contraindications
- IV isotonic crystalloid fluid therapy is contraindicated in hypernatremic dehydration.
Fluid Types
- 7.5% saline is a hypertonic fluid.
Autonomic Receptors
- The autonomic receptor that directly modulates cardiac output through changes in inotropy and chronotropy is the β1 receptor.
Aldosterone Receptor
- Spironolactone directly acts at the aldosterone receptor, resulting in decreased Na+/K+ exchange in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron.
Pulmonary Edema
- Furosemide would likely provide the most immediate benefit to a patient with severe pulmonary edema as a result of left-sided heart failure.
RAAS Inhibiting Drugs
- Azilsartan has greater antihypertensive effectiveness than ACE inhibitors and is FDA-approved for the treatment of systemic hypertension in cats.
Hypokalemia
- Potassium-sparing diuretics are LEAST likely to cause hypokalemia.
Calcium Channel Blockers
- Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine) have the greatest effect on vascular muscle.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
- Sildenafil is indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Anti-Thrombotic Drugs
- Clopidogrel is LEAST likely to cause gastric ulcer disease in cats.
Heartworm Adulticides
- Melarsomine dihydrochloride commonly causes injection-site reactions in the epaxial muscles.
Antitussive Drugs
- Codeine has the greatest likelihood of causing constipation as an adverse drug effect.
Osteoarthritis
- NSAIDs are the main drug therapy for osteoarthritis.
Contraindicated Drugs
- Tetracyclines should not be used in cats.
Ear Cleaning
- Ear cleansers should be used with caution in dogs and cats with ruptured tympanic membranes to avoid exacerbating the condition.
Otoscopy
- When the ear canal is too painful and swollen for otoscopic exam and ear flushing, the best treatment approach for a canine patient with otitis is to use oral antibiotics and pain management.
Chemotherapy Agents
- Plerixafor can be administered to increase circulating platelet count.
Immunosuppressive Medications
- It is critical to taper the immunosuppressive medications to the lowest effective dose for long-term management of immune-mediated disease to minimize side effects.
Second-Line Immunosuppressive Medications
- Azathioprine is considered an acceptable second-line immunosuppressive medication.
Dexamethasone
- Dexamethasone is 7-10 times more potent than prednisone.
Cyclosporine
- Cyclosporine is used to treat atopic dermatitis in cats and dogs and perianal fistulas in dogs, as well as other immune-mediated diseases.
Mycophenolate Mofetil
- Mycophenolate mofetil causes gastrointestinal toxicity in up to 67% of patients.
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Description
Week 1 PI/iRATs
