Medical Procedures and Blood Gas Analysis

Pursed-lip breathing = Technique to alleviate dyspnea by exhaling slowly through pursed lips Incentive spirometer = Device used to encourage deep breathing and prevent lung complications Bronchodilators = Medications that reduce bronchospasm and open congested airways Anti-inflammatories = Medications that decrease edema and inflammation in the airways

Sympathomimetic drugs = Reduce bronchospasm and facilitate ventilation Xanthines = Reduce bronchospasm and facilitate ventilation Expectorants = Help break up mucus for easier expectoration Anti-inflammatories = Decrease edema and inflammation in the airways

Oral administration = May cause systemic side effects Intravenous administration = May cause systemic side effects Inhalation administration = Preferred to prevent systemic side effects Topical administration = Preferred to prevent systemic side effects

<p>Breathing in through nose and exhaling through pursed lips = Pursed-lip breathing technique Blowing a ping-pong ball across a table or visualizing candle flame waver = Practice method for pursed-lip breathing Holding or placing spirometer in an upright position = Correct usage of an incentive spirometer Tightening abdominal muscles to assist with exhalation = Part of pursed-lip breathing technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreasing edema and inflammation in the airways = Improving air exchange for better oxygenation Helping 'break up' mucus for easier expectoration = Facilitating removal of secretions from the airways Blowing slowly and purposefully through pursed lips = Assisting with exhalation in pursed-lip breathing Encouraging deep breathing to prevent lung complications = Preventing atelectasis and promoting lung expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoracentesis = Performed to introduce chemotherapeutic drugs intrapleurally ABGs = Performed to evaluate a client’s acid–base balance and oxygenation Arterial blood gases = Used because it provides a more accurate reflection of gas exchange in the pulmonary system than venous blood Bronchoscopy = Involves inserting a thin tube with a camera into the airways to view the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ECG = Provides a graphic recording of the heart’s electrical activity Echocardiogram = A noninvasive test that uses ultrasound to visualize structures of the heart and evaluate left ventricular function Stress Test = Assesses signs and symptoms of impaired oxygenation and circulation needs Blood gases = May be drawn by laboratory technicians, respiratory therapy personnel, or nurses with specialized skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crackles = Air passing through fluid or mucus in any air passage Gurgles = Air passing through narrowed air passages as a result of secretions, swelling, tumors Friction rub = Rubbing together of inflamed pleural surfaces Images produced by ultrasound waves reflected back to a transducer after striking cardiac structures = Echocardiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress Test = Assessment of signs and symptoms of impaired oxygenation Assessment of left ventricular function using ultrasound visualization of the heart's structures = Echocardiogram Thoracentesis = Procedure to introduce chemotherapeutic drugs intrapleurally Application of pressure to reduce the risk of bleeding or bruising after obtaining arterial blood = Arterial blood gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visualization of the heart's structures using ultrasound and evaluation of left ventricular function = Echocardiogram Insertion of a thin tube with a camera into the airways to view the lungs = Thoracentesis Air passing through narrowed air passages due to secretions, swelling, tumors = Gurgles Rubbing together of inflamed pleural surfaces = Friction rub</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apnea = Absence of any breathing Orthopnea = Inability to breathe easily unless sitting upright or standing Hypoxemia = Reduced oxygen levels in the blood caused by conditions impairing diffusion at the alveolar–capillary level Hypoxia = Insufficient oxygen anywhere in the body potentially causing cellular injury or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ischemia = Lack of blood supply due to obstructed circulation Infarction = Tissue becoming necrotic and dies due to the shutting off of blood supply Anemia = Blood disorder in which the blood has a reduced ability to carry oxygen Pulmonary function tests = Measurements of lung function to assess breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mucous membranes become drier and more fragile = Aging-related changes affecting respiratory function Decreases in muscle strength and endurance occur = Impact on overall physical capability in breathing Decrease in efficiency of the immune system occurs = Weakening defense mechanisms against respiratory infections Gastroesophageal reflux disease is more common in older adults and increases the risk of aspiration = Increased likelihood of inhaling stomach contents, leading to bronchospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary edema or atelectasis = Contributors to hypoxemia by impairing oxygen diffusion at the alveolar–capillary level Atherosclerosis or a blood clot shutting off blood supply to myocardium = Causes infarction in heart tissue leading to necrosis Sputum and throat culture specimens = Used for analyzing respiratory infections through microbial identification Bronchoscopy = Procedure for visualizing airways and obtaining tissue samples for diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arterial blood gases = Measurements of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood for assessing respiratory function X-rays and lung scans = Imaging techniques for detecting abnormalities in lung structure Bronchoscopy = Procedure for obtaining biopsy samples from lungs for further examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sputum and throat culture specimens = Tests that may be performed to assess infections in the respiratory system Arterial blood gases = Blood tests used to evaluate the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs Pulmonary function tests = Measure lung volume and capacity to assess respiratory function X-rays and lung scans = Imaging techniques to visualize structures in the chest for abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sputum and throat culture specimens = Identifying specific pathogens causing respiratory infections Arterial blood gases = Measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood Pulmonary function tests = Assessing lung function and capacity for oxygenation X-rays and lung scans = Detecting abnormalities in the chest such as enlarged heart or masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sputum and throat culture specimens = To determine the presence of bacteria or viruses in respiratory secretions Arterial blood gases = To evaluate the adequacy of oxygenation and ventilation Pulmonary function tests = To assess lung mechanics and gas exchange efficiency X-rays and lung scans = To visualize anatomical structures for signs of pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sputum and throat culture specimens = Collecting samples of mucus or secretions for laboratory analysis Arterial blood gases = Drawing blood from an artery to measure oxygen and carbon dioxide levels Pulmonary function tests = Using spirometry and other tools to assess lung function X-rays and lung scans = Taking images of the chest using radiation or other imaging modalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sputum and throat culture specimens = Diagnosing respiratory infections like pneumonia or bronchitis Arterial blood gases = Monitoring respiratory status in critically ill patients Pulmonary function tests = Evaluating lung function in patients with chronic respiratory conditions X-rays and lung scans = Screening for structural abnormalities or tumors in the chest area</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sputum and throat culture specimens = Identifying specific pathogens in the respiratory tract Arterial blood gases = Measuring the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood Pulmonary function tests = Assessing lung capacity and function X-rays and lung scans = Visualizing the structures of the lungs for abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taking a slow, deep breath = Elevating balls or cylinder in a spirometer Holding breath for 6 seconds = Maintaining balls or cylinder elevated in a spirometer Using a nose clip = Assisting in breathing only through the mouth Coughing after deep ventilation = Loosening secretions to facilitate removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sustained elevation of balls or cylinder in spirometer = Ensuring adequate alveolar ventilation Difficulty breathing through mouth only = Using a nose clip for assistance Brisk, low-volume breaths snapping balls to top of chamber = Flow-oriented device usage Very slow inspiration without elevation of balls = Achieving greater lung expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repeating spirometer procedure several times hourly = Increasing inspiratory volume Cleaning and drying the spirometer mouthpiece = Maintaining hygiene and usability Relaxing before using the spirometer again = Preventing atelectasis and ensuring alveolar ventilation Practicing to maintain alveolar ventilation = Preventing lung air sac collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchoscopy = Direct visualization of airways for abnormalities Sputum and throat culture specimens = Identifying pathogens causing respiratory infections Arterial blood gases = Measuring blood oxygenation levels X-rays and lung scans = Imaging techniques for assessing lung structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin and mucous membrane color = Note whether cyanosis is present, presence of mucus, sputum production, and impedance of airflow. Breathing patterns = Note depth of respirations and presence of tachypnea, bradypnea, or orthopnea. Chest movements = Note whether there are any intercostal, substernal, suprasternal, supraclavicular, or tracheal retractions during inspiration or expiration. Chest wall configuration = e.g., kyphosis, unequal chest expansion, barrel chest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tachycardia = Clinical sign of hypoxemia characterized by increased heart rate. Tachypnea = Clinical sign of hypoxemia characterized by increased respiratory rate. Restlessness = Clinical sign of hypoxemia characterized by agitation and inability to rest. Cyanosis = Clinical sign of hypoxemia characterized by bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nasal cannula = Delivers a relatively low concentration of oxygen (24% to 45%) at flow rates of 2 to 6 L/min. Face mask = A device for low-flow oxygen administration that covers the nose and mouth. Oxygen tent = A device for low-flow oxygen administration that encloses the patient's head and upper body. Transtracheal catheter = A device for low-flow oxygen administration inserted directly into the trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lung sounds audible by ear and auscultating the chest = Assessment parameter involving listening for abnormal breath sounds using a stethoscope. Presence of clinical signs of hypoxemia = Assessment parameter involving observing symptoms such as tachycardia, tachypnea, restlessness, etc. Chest wall configuration = Assessment parameter involving assessing the shape and expansion of the chest wall. Depth of respirations = Assessment parameter involving observing the extent of chest expansion during breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sputum and throat culture specimens = Tests to identify bacteria or viruses in the respiratory tract Arterial blood gases = Measures the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood Pulmonary function tests = Assess lung function, including how well oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves X-rays and lung scans = Imaging techniques to visualize the lungs and surrounding structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sputum and throat culture specimens = Identify specific pathogens causing respiratory infections Arterial blood gases = Evaluate respiratory function by measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide levels directly from arterial blood Pulmonary function tests = Assess lung capacity, volume, and ability to exchange gases effectively Bronchoscopy = Direct visualization of the airways using a flexible scope</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>X-rays and lung scans = Visualize anatomical structures to detect abnormalities like tumors or fractures MRI = Provide detailed images of soft tissues like the brain, muscles, and organs CT scan = Produce cross-sectional images for detailed evaluation of internal organs and structures Bronchoscopy = Directly examine the airways for abnormalities or obtain tissue samples for biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>X-rays and lung scans = Use ionizing radiation to create images of the chest and lungs CT scan = Provide detailed information on soft tissues, bones, and blood vessels in a non-invasive manner MRI = Utilize magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images without radiation exposure Bronchoscopy = Invasive procedure allowing direct visualization of the bronchi and obtainment of tissue samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arterial blood gases = Assess oxygenation status and acid-base balance in critically ill patients Pulmonary function tests = Evaluate lung function, diagnose respiratory conditions, and monitor disease progression Ventilation/Perfusion Scan = Assess airflow distribution and blood flow in the lungs for conditions like pulmonary embolism Thoracentesis = Procedure to remove excess fluid or air from the pleural cavity to aid breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers