Podcast
Questions and Answers
What primarily makes up the extravascular fluid?
What primarily makes up the extravascular fluid?
- Blood plasma
- Intracellular fluid
- Lymphatic fluid
- Interstitial fluid and transcellular fluids (correct)
Which function of body water helps regulate body temperature?
Which function of body water helps regulate body temperature?
- Heat absorption, distribution, and evaporation (correct)
- Lubricant in joints
- Ionizing medium
- Chemical and enzymatic reactions
Which anion is predominantly found in extracellular fluid (ECF) compared to intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Which anion is predominantly found in extracellular fluid (ECF) compared to intracellular fluid (ICF)?
- Cl- (correct)
- HPO4
- HCO3
- SO4
What is NOT a function of body water?
What is NOT a function of body water?
What is the primary role of the cell membrane?
What is the primary role of the cell membrane?
Which of the following is least abundant in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Which of the following is least abundant in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
What is the relationship between charge and diffusion?
What is the relationship between charge and diffusion?
What property is characteristic of facilitated diffusion?
What property is characteristic of facilitated diffusion?
Which of the following correctly describes the composition of normal extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Which of the following correctly describes the composition of normal extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is the primary function of red blood corpuscles (RBCs)?
What is the primary function of red blood corpuscles (RBCs)?
What type of fluids are included in transcellular fluids?
What type of fluids are included in transcellular fluids?
What is the primary mechanism of osmosis?
What is the primary mechanism of osmosis?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
What is the average concentration of albumin in blood plasma?
What is the average concentration of albumin in blood plasma?
How is osmotic pressure primarily determined?
How is osmotic pressure primarily determined?
Which of these components constitutes the majority of plasma?
Which of these components constitutes the majority of plasma?
What substance is typically transported by carriers in facilitated diffusion?
What substance is typically transported by carriers in facilitated diffusion?
Leukopenia refers to a decrease in which type of blood cell?
Leukopenia refers to a decrease in which type of blood cell?
Which statement correctly describes a unique feature of osmosis?
Which statement correctly describes a unique feature of osmosis?
What is the main role of plasma proteins?
What is the main role of plasma proteins?
What role does insulin play in facilitated diffusion?
What role does insulin play in facilitated diffusion?
What unit is used to measure osmosis?
What unit is used to measure osmosis?
What happens to blood volume during dehydration?
What happens to blood volume during dehydration?
Which type of blood cells are primarily responsible for the body's immune response?
Which type of blood cells are primarily responsible for the body's immune response?
What is the primary storage form of iron in the body?
What is the primary storage form of iron in the body?
Which vitamin is essential for nuclear maturation and cell division?
Which vitamin is essential for nuclear maturation and cell division?
What substance helps protect vitamin B12 from digestion and facilitates its absorption?
What substance helps protect vitamin B12 from digestion and facilitates its absorption?
What role does transferrin play in the body?
What role does transferrin play in the body?
Which factor negatively affects iron absorption in the diet?
Which factor negatively affects iron absorption in the diet?
Where is excess iron primarily deposited in the body?
Where is excess iron primarily deposited in the body?
What is the role of Vitamin C in relation to iron?
What is the role of Vitamin C in relation to iron?
Which trace elements act as cofactors for hemoglobin formation?
Which trace elements act as cofactors for hemoglobin formation?
What is the primary source of erythropoietin in the body?
What is the primary source of erythropoietin in the body?
Which organ acts as an extramedullary site for erythropoiesis?
Which organ acts as an extramedullary site for erythropoiesis?
Which condition primarily stimulates the secretion of erythropoietin?
Which condition primarily stimulates the secretion of erythropoietin?
Which vitamin is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the stomach?
Which vitamin is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the stomach?
What is the normal hemoglobin concentration in adult males?
What is the normal hemoglobin concentration in adult males?
What type of anemia is characterized by excessive hemolysis of red blood cells?
What type of anemia is characterized by excessive hemolysis of red blood cells?
Which organ is primarily responsible for converting ferric iron to ferrous iron?
Which organ is primarily responsible for converting ferric iron to ferrous iron?
What effect does anemia have on the heart?
What effect does anemia have on the heart?
What is the average lifespan of platelets?
What is the average lifespan of platelets?
What is the primary role of platelets in hemostasis?
What is the primary role of platelets in hemostasis?
What triggers the initial vasoconstriction during hemostasis?
What triggers the initial vasoconstriction during hemostasis?
Which factor plays a key role in platelet adhesion to the injured blood vessel?
Which factor plays a key role in platelet adhesion to the injured blood vessel?
What substance is released by activated platelets to promote aggregation?
What substance is released by activated platelets to promote aggregation?
During which step of hemostasis is fibrin formation critical?
During which step of hemostasis is fibrin formation critical?
Which of the following is not a function of platelets in hemostasis?
Which of the following is not a function of platelets in hemostasis?
What is the final step in the hemostatic response?
What is the final step in the hemostatic response?
Flashcards
Pinocytosis
Pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis where the cell absorbs liquid substances.
Exocytosis
Exocytosis
The process by which a cell expels substances.
Blood Composition
Blood Composition
Blood is 45% blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets), and 55% plasma (fluid).
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
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Anemia
Anemia
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Plasma proteins (Albumin)
Plasma proteins (Albumin)
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Blood functions
Blood functions
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White blood cells (WBCs)
White blood cells (WBCs)
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Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
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Interstitial fluid
Interstitial fluid
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Transcellular fluids
Transcellular fluids
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Body water functions
Body water functions
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Cell membrane function
Cell membrane function
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ECF composition (cation)
ECF composition (cation)
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ICF composition (cation)
ICF composition (cation)
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Body fluid pH
Body fluid pH
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Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
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Carrier proteins
Carrier proteins
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Osmosis
Osmosis
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Osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure
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Plasma osmolarity
Plasma osmolarity
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Simple diffusion
Simple diffusion
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Semipermeable membrane
Semipermeable membrane
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Insulin's role in glucose transport
Insulin's role in glucose transport
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Intestinal Iron Absorption
Intestinal Iron Absorption
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Ferritin Storage
Ferritin Storage
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Transferrin's Role
Transferrin's Role
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Iron Deficiency Response
Iron Deficiency Response
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Iron Excess Storage
Iron Excess Storage
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Dietary Inhibitors of Iron Absorption
Dietary Inhibitors of Iron Absorption
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Gastric HCl and Iron Absorption
Gastric HCl and Iron Absorption
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Vitamin B12's Role in RBCs
Vitamin B12's Role in RBCs
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Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis
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Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin
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Hypoxia
Hypoxia
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Anaemia (Definition)
Anaemia (Definition)
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Normal Hemoglobin (Males)
Normal Hemoglobin (Males)
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Haemolytic anaemia
Haemolytic anaemia
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Incompatible blood transfusion
Incompatible blood transfusion
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Bone marrow (Erythropoiesis)
Bone marrow (Erythropoiesis)
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Hemostasis
Hemostasis
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Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction
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Platelet Plug Formation
Platelet Plug Formation
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Platelet Adhesion
Platelet Adhesion
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Platelet Activation
Platelet Activation
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Platelet Release Reaction
Platelet Release Reaction
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Platelet Aggregation
Platelet Aggregation
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Platelet Factor 3
Platelet Factor 3
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Study Notes
Medical Physiology for Dentistry Students
- Course Title: Medical Physiology
- Course Description: General and Blood Physiology
- Course Level: 1st Year Dentistry
- Course Code: GPΗΜ-11
- Instructor: Dr/ Elshymaa Abdel-Hady Abdel-Hakeem
- Department: Medical Physiology Department
- University: Minia University
Introduction to Human Physiology
- Physiology is the study of the functions of the human body.
- It's divided into two parts: Physio (meaning function) and Logy (meaning science).
- Human physiology examines how the body works under different internal and external conditions to maintain life.
Organization of the Human Body
- The cell: The basic living unit of the body.
- The tissue: Groups of cells with the same shape and function, arranged side by side.
- The organ: Composed of multiple tissues with a specific function. (e.g., stomach digests, kidney excretes).
- The system: A group of organs working together with complementary functions to carry out a particular role. Different systems work together to maintain life.
- Different systems of the human body: Endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, reproductive, musculoskeletal.
Human Body Composition
- Water: 60% of body weight in young adult males.
- Solids: 40% consisting of a) organic (proteins 18%, fats 15%), and b) inorganic (minerals 7%).
- Intracellular fluid (ICF): About 40% of body weight (approximately 28 liters in a 70kg male).
- Extracellular fluid (ECF): About 20% of body weight (approximately 14 liters in a 70kg male). ECF includes:
- Intravascular fluid: Plasma (about 1/4 of ECF volume).
- Extravascular fluid: Interstitial fluid in spaces between cells (about 3/4 of ECF volume).
- Transcellular fluids: Fluids in closed spaces lined by epithelium (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid, intraocular fluids).
Functions of Body Water
- Medium for chemical and enzymatic reactions.
- Enables physical processes like diffusion and filtration.
- Regulates pH and body fluid osmolarity.
- Regulates body temperature.
- Lubricant for joints and cavities (e.g., pleura).
- Refractive medium in the eye.
- Protects the brain (cerebrospinal fluid).
- Facilitates oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange (lungs and tissues).
Normal Composition of ECF and ICF
- Data presented in a table comparing electrolytes and other components of ECF and ICF.
The Human Cell (Structure)
- The cell membrane.
- The nucleus.
- The cytoplasm (including organelles):
- Membranous: Endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus.
- Non-membranous: Ribosomes, centrosome.
The Cell Membrane (Structure and Function)
- Formed by phospholipids
- Phospholipid bilayer: Hydrophilic heads facing outwards and inwards, hydrophobic tails in the middle.
- Contains proteins
- Peripheral proteins: On the surfaces.
- Transmembrane proteins: Through the membrane.
- Functions:
- Forms a boundary.
- Selectively permeable.
Functions of Cell Membrane Proteins
- Receptors: Binding sites for hormones and other signaling molecules.
- Pumps: Active transport of substances against concentration gradients (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).
- Enzymes: Catalyzing reactions on the cell surface or within the membrane.
- Carriers (Transport proteins): Facilitating movement of substances across the membrane.
- Uniport: Transports one substance in one direction.
- Symport: Transports two or more substances together, same direction.
- Antiport: Transports two substances together in opposite directions.
- Channels: Allowing passage of specific substances (e.g., ions).
- Non-gated channels: Always open.
- Gated channels: Open or close in response to stimuli (e.g., voltage-gated, ligand-gated, mechanically-gated).
Transport Mechanisms Through Cell Membranes
- Passive transport: No energy required.
- Diffusion: Free movement of substances from high to low concentration.
- Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
- Filtration: Movement of fluid across a membrane due to pressure differences.
- Facilitated diffusion: Passive transport with help of carrier proteins.
- Active transport: Needs energy (ATP).
- Primary active transport: ATP directly used to transport substance.
- Secondary active transport: Transport against its gradient utilizing the electrochemical gradient of another substance.
Other Transport Processes
- Bulk transport (i.e., Endocytosis and Exocytosis): Used for large molecules.
The Blood Composition
- Plasma: 55% of blood volume, consists mainly of water, proteins, and other solutes.
- Blood cells: 45% of blood volume, consisting of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets (thrombocytes).
Functions of Blood and Blood Cells
- Transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, and hormones.
- Defence.
- Hemostasis (stops bleeding).
- Maintaining homeostasis (internal balance of body).
Blood Proteins:
- Albumin: Maintains osmotic pressure, transports substances.
- Globulins: Defensive functions (antibodies).
- Fibrinogen: Blood clotting.
- Prothrombin: Blood clotting.
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Structure: Biconcave discs, no nucleus, contain hemoglobin.
- Function: Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Formation: Erythropoiesis in bone marrow.
- Regulation: Controlled by erythropoietin hormone (released by the kidneys, stimulated by low oxygen levels).
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Types: Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes).
- Function: Immune system (defence against infections).
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Structure: Small, non-nucleated cell fragments.
- Function: Crucial for blood clotting (hemostasis).
Blood Coagulation
- Intrinsic pathway: Activated by factors within the blood itself.
- Extrinsic pathway: Activated by factors outside the blood (e.g., tissue damage).
- Common pathway: Converges from both pathways to form a blood clot.
Regulation of Blood Coagulation
- Physiological mechanisms limit coagulation to prevent unnecessary clotting.
- Inactivation of active coagulation factors.
- Fibrinolysis (breakdown of fibrin).
- Vitamin K and calcium are essential for the coagulation factors, deficiency leads to bleeding disorders.
Diseases of blood
- Anemia: Reduced RBCs or haemoglobin content, causes include incompatible blood transfusions, snake venom, infections (like malaria), and chemical toxins.
- polycythemia: abnormally high concentration of RBCs or their haemoglobin content, can be caused from issues such as bone marrow cancers.
Other topics covered in medical notes
General and specific details on disorders of blood clotting and coagulation (Vit. K and Hemophilia)
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Description
Test your knowledge on Medical Physiology tailored for 1st-year dentistry students. This quiz covers general and blood physiology, as well as the fundamental organization of the human body. Explore the roles of cells, tissues, organs, and systems in human health.
