Human Physiology: Blood and Cardiovascular System

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of albumin in the bloodstream?

  • To maintain osmotic pressure (correct)
  • To facilitate blood clotting
  • To transport iron ions
  • To regulate body temperature

Which of the following is NOT a step in the hemostasis process?

  • Inflammation (correct)
  • Formation of platelet plug
  • Coagulation
  • Vasular spasm

What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

  • To facilitate immune responses
  • To regulate blood pH
  • To store iron ions
  • To transport oxygen (correct)

What is the approximate percentage of water in blood plasma?

<p>92% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of red blood cells that allows them to navigate through narrow blood vessels?

<p>Flexible and disk-like (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is involved in blood clotting?

<p>Fibrinogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of platelets in the hemostasis process?

<p>To form a platelet plug to stop bleeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of proteins are found in blood plasma?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of blood cell agglutination?

<p>Agglutination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of blood in the body?

<p>Transportation, Defense, and Maintenance of Homeostasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the universal recipient blood type?

<p>Type AB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood composition?

<p>45% to 50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the von Willebrand factor in the coagulation cascade?

<p>To facilitate platelet adhesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of plasma in the blood?

<p>Transporting nutrients and hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of stopping bleeding?

<p>Hemostasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average temperature of blood in the human body?

<p>38°C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of white blood cells?

<p>Defending against pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range of blood in the human body?

<p>7.35 to 7.45 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the prevention of blood loss?

<p>Hemostasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate volume of blood in an adult male?

<p>5 to 6 liters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Overview of Blood

  • Blood is a unique tissue composed of liquid plasma and formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets)
  • It is a fluid tissue that makes up approximately 8% of an adult's body weight

Functions of Blood

  • Transportation: carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body
  • Defense: protects the body against pathogens and foreign substances
  • Maintenance of Homeostasis: regulates bodily functions, such as pH, temperature, and blood pressure

Composition of Blood

  • Plasma: the fluid portion of blood, making up approximately 92% of blood
  • Formed elements: suspended in plasma, consisting of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Characteristics of Blood

  • Blood is viscous and slightly sticky to the touch
  • Its viscosity is approximately five times greater than water
  • Normal blood temperature is slightly higher than normal body temperature (around 38°C)
  • Blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45

Blood Plasma

  • Composed primarily of water (92%) and proteins (7%)
  • Three major groups of plasma proteins: albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

Production of Formed Elements

  • Hematopoiesis: the production of formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) in the bone marrow, liver, spleen, and lymphatic tissues

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

  • Shape: RBCs are biconcave disks, flexible, and able to change shape to navigate through blood vessels
  • Hemoglobin: a protein containing iron that carries oxygen and gives blood its red color

Hemostasis

  • Process of stopping blood loss through vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation
  • Three steps: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation

Platelet Plug Formation

  • Platelets aggregate to form a plug, which is facilitated by glycoprotein in the blood plasma

Coagulation

  • Formation of a blood clot through the production of fibrin, a protein derived from fibrinogen

Blood Typing

  • Antigens: substances that trigger an immune response
  • Antibodies: proteins produced by B lymphocytes in response to antigens
  • ABO blood group system: classification of blood based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens

ABO Blood Group

  • ABO blood typing system determines the presence or absence of A and B antigens on RBCs
  • Four main ABO blood groups: A, B, AB, and O

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