Valori normali nel sangue umano
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Questions and Answers

Qual es le principal responsabilitate de McGraw-Hill?

  • Offere consilio medical
  • Responsabilisar se del contento de omne information accessite per le travalio (correct)
  • Garantir successo in commercialiation de libros
  • Producer libros de physiologi

    • Quando Ganong moriva?

    23 de decembre, 2007

    Que era le focus central del travalio de Fran Ganong?

    Physiologia e education medic

    Fran Ganong esseva le unico autor de 'Review of Medical Physiology'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que es un mol?

    <p>El peso molecular en gramos de una sustancia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Verdadero o Falso: El pH de una solución se define como el logaritmo negativo de la concentración de iones H+.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué son los electrolitos en fisiología?

    <p>Moléculas que se disocian en agua en sus equivalentes de catión y anión.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    El __________ es un compuesto importante en el cuerpo y actúa como un buffer en el control del pH.

    <p>ácido carbónico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different fluid compartments in the human body?

    <p>In the human body, the different fluid compartments are intracellular fluid (inside cells), interstitial fluid (outside cells but within the body), and blood plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an equivalent in physiology?

    <p>A unit of chemical equivalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The molecular weight of a substance is the ratio of the mass of one molecule to the mass of one twelfth the mass of an atom of carbon-12, expressed as ____________.

    <p>dimensionless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le valor normal de Bilirrubina total (B) in SI Units?

    <p>Up to 17 μmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le intervallo normal de Acetoacetate plus acetone (S) in SI Units?

    <p>3-20 mg/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Le phosphorus inorganic (S) ha un intervallo normal de 0.84-1.45 mmol/L. In le prime anno de vita, infants pote haber inorganic phosphorus usque a [_].

    <p>6.0 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale es le potencial membranari reposante?

    <p>-70 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nomi duo rationes del concentration intracellular del Na+ e K+ que remane constante.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le causa del potentiale membranari?

    <p>Totos le precedente</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Le __________ captura hydrigeno in reactiones de obvia altere energia.

    <p>NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le principal property colligative de solutos in solutiones idéal e su relation con pressione osmotic?

    <p>Le pressione osmotic es un property colligative fundamental de solutiones que es proportional al numero de particulas in solution per unitate de volume de solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le relation inter osmolalitate e numero de particulas osmoticamente active in un solution?

    <p>Osmolalitate es proportional al numero de particulas osmoticamente active in solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmose es un processo ubi le molécules de solvent se diffunde a un region de concentration de soluto plus alte.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Le pressione osmotic de un solution depende directemente del numero de ____________ present in illo.

    <p>particulas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que es tonicitate usate pro describer osmolaritate de un solution relative al plasma?

    <p>La tonicitate es usate pro describer le osmolaritate de un solution relative al plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Solutions que ha le mesme osmolaritate que le plasma es dit que es __________.

    <p>isotonice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quales substantias pote indicar un plasma osmolalitate que excede significativemente le valor predicate per le formula?

    <p>Etanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    La effetto Donnan pote cambiar le distribution de iones in un predictable maniera.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le processo principal per le qual ATP es formate in le corpore?

    <p>phosphorylation oxidative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le principal function del coenzima nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)?

    <p>Transfere hydrogens a O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excess uric acid in the blood or urine is a characteristic symptom of gout.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Le _________ es le final enzyme in le catena que forma uracil.

    <p>cytochrome c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le objectivo del tractamento del gutta?

    <p>Diminuer le nivel de acido uric in le sanguine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Colchicine affecta le metabolism de acido uric.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual es le effecto de phenylbutazone e probenecid sur le reabsorption de acido uric?

    <p>inhibe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Le sequentias regulatory generalmente include sequentias de ______________ e silenciario.

    <p>enhancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Valores Normal de Sangue Intact, Plasma, o Serum

    • Acetoacetato plus acetona (S): 0.3-2.0 mg/dL (3-20 mg/L)
    • Aldosterona (supina) (P): 3.0-10 ng/dL (83-227 pmol/L)
    • Nitrogeno alpha-amino (P): 3.0-5.5 mg/dL (2.1-3.9 mmol/L)
    • Aminotransferases:
      • Alanina aminotransferasa: 3-48 units/L
      • Aspartato aminotransferasa: 0-55 units/L
    • Ammonia (B): 12-55 μmol/L
    • Amylase (S): 53-123 units/L (884-2050 nmol s-1/L)
    • Acido ascorbico (B): 0.4-1.5 mg/dL (fasting) (23-85 μmol/L)
    • Bilirubina (S): Conjugata (directa): up to 0.4 mg/dL (up to 7 μmol/L); Total (conjugata plus libera): up to 1.0 mg/dL (up to 17 μmol/L)

    Electrolytos e Otras Substancias

    • Calcio (S): 8.5-10.5 mg/dL (4.3-5.3 meq/L) (2.1-2.6 mmol/L)
    • Contenido de dioxide de carbono (S): 24-30 meq/L
    • Carotenoides (S): 0.8-4.0 μg/mL (1.5-7.4 μmol/L)
    • Ceruloplasmina (S): 23-43 mg/dL (240-430 mg/L)
    • Cloruro (S): 100-108 meq/L
    • Colesterol (S): < 200 mg/dL (< 5.17 mmol/L)
    • Esteres de colesterol (S): 60-70% del colesterol total
    • Cobre (total) (S): 70-155 μg/dL (11.0-24.4 μmol/L)

    Hormonas e Enzimas

    • Cortisol (P) (AM, fasting): 5-25 μg/dL (0.14-0.69 μmol/L)
    • Creatinina (P): 0.6-1.5 mg/dL (53-133 μmol/L)
    • Glucosa, fasting (P): 70-110 mg/dL (3.9-6.1 mmol/L)
    • Ferro (S): 50-150 μg/dL (9.0-26.9 μmol/L)
    • Acido lactic (B): 0.5-2.2 meq/L
    • Lipasa (S): 3-19 units/L
    • Lipidos, total (S): 450-1000 mg/dL (4.5-10 g/L)

    Otros Valores

    • Magnesio (S): 1.4-2.0 meq/L (0.7-1.0 mmol/L)

    • Osmolalidad (S): 280-296 mosm/kg H2O

    • PCO2 (arterial) (B): 35-45 mm Hg (4.7-6.0 kPa)

    • Pepsinogeno (P): 200-425 units/mL

    • Fenilalanina (S): 0-2 mg/dL (0-120 μmol/L)

    • Fosfatasa acida (S): Masculinos: 0-0.8 sigma unit/mL; Femininos: 0.01-0.56 sigma unit/mL

    • Fosfatasa alcalina (S): 13-39 units/L (adultos) (0.22-0.65 μmol s-1/L)

    • Fosfolipidos (S): 9-16 mg/dL como fosforo lipídico (2.9-5.2 mmol/L)

    • Fosforo inorgánico (S): 2.6-4.5 mg/dL (infantes en primer año: up to 6.0 mg/dL) (0.84-1.45 mmol/L)

    • PO2 (arterial) (B): 75-100 mm Hg (10.0-13.3 kPa)

    • Potasio (S): 3.5-5.0 meq/L

    • Proteina:

      • Total (S): 6.0-8.0 g/dL (60-80 g/L)
      • Albumina (S): 3.1-4.3 g/dL (31-43 g/L)
      • Globulina (S): 2.6-4.1 g/dL (26-41 g/L)

    • Acido pirúvico (P): 0-0.11 meq/L (0-110 μmol/L)

    • Sodio (S): 135-145 meq/L

    • Urea nitrogen (S): 8-25 mg/dL (2.9-8.9 mmol/L)

    • Acido úrico (S):

      • Mujeres: 2.3-6.6 mg/dL (137-393 μmol/L)
      • Hombres: 3.6-8.5 mg/dL (214-506 μmol/L)### Introduciton a Physiologia

    • Le libro es divise in sections que se focusa in differentas aspectos de physiologia, includente le cellular e molecular bases de physiologia.

    Le corpore como un solution organisate

    • Le corpore es un sistema complexe que consiste de cellulas e fluidos.
    • Le fluidos es divide in intra- e extracellular, con le fluido extracellular essente divided in fluido interstitial e plasma.
    • Le fluido extracellular es simile in composition al aqua del oceans primordial.

    Unitates de mesura pro concentration de solutos

    • In physiologia, le concentration de solutos es frequentemente exprimate in moles, equivalents, o osmoles.
    • Un mole es le peso molecular de un substantia, e es equal a 6 × 10^23 molecules.
    • Le unitates de mesura minus que un mole es le millimole (1/1000 de un mole) e le micromole (1/1,000,000 de un mole).

    Equivalentes

    • Un equivalente es un mole de un substantia ionisate divide per su valentia.
    • Un equivalent de Na+ = 23 g, ma un equivalent de Ca2+ = 40 g/2 = 20 g.

    Electrolytos, aqua, e equilibrio acido-basic

    • Aqua es un solvente ideal pro reactiones physiologic.

    • Electrolytos (e.g. NaCl) es molecules que se dissociia in aqua in iones positive e negative.

    • Le distribution de electrolytos in le corpore es importante in physiologia.

    • Le separation de electrolytos in le corpore es importante in physiologia.### Fluidos Corporal e Electrolytos

    • Le fluidos corporal es dividite in compartmentos intracellular e extracellular (ICF e ECF, respectivamente).

    • Le contribution de cada compartmento al peso corporal es de 40% (ICF) e 20% (ECF) in un masculo adulte san.

    • Le electrolytos (e.g. Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-) e proteinas son distribuite in manera inequal inter le compartmentos.

    pH e Buffering

    • Le pH es definite como le logarithmo de base 10 del reciproce del concentration de H+ ([H+]).
    • Le pH del aqua a 25°C es 7,0, que es le punto de neutrality.
    • Le pH del plasma in individuos sanes es maintenite in un rango de 7,35 a 7,45.
    • Le acidos fortes (e.g. HCl) e bases fortes (e.g. NaOH) se dissociia completemente in aqua, mentre le acidos debiles (e.g. H2CO3) e bases debiles (e.g. NH3) se dissociia solo partialmente.
    • Le capacitate de buffering del fluidos corporal es importante pro maintener le pH constante.

    Diffusion

    • Le diffusion es le processo per le qual un gas o substantia in solution se expande pro occupar tote le volumine disponibile.
    • Le particulas de un substantia in solution es in movimiento random continue.
    • Le fluxo de particulas de un substantia de alta concentration a bassa concentration es directamente proportionate al gradient de concentration.
    • Le lege de Fick de diffusion es: J = -DA Δc / Δx.

    Osmose

    • Le osmose es le processo per le qual le molecules de solviente (e.g. aqua) se diffundent in un solution con un concentration de soluto plus alte.
    • Le pression osmotica es la pression necessaria pro prevenir le migration de solviente.
    • Le osmolaritate es le numero de osmoles per liter de solution, mentre le osmolaridad es le numero de osmoles per kilogram de solviente.
    • Le osmolaritate del plasma es approximativemente 290 mOsm/L.

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    Questo quiz copre i range di valori normali per vari componenti nel sangue umano, incluso l'acetoacetato, l'acetone, e altri.

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